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...ko language]], [[Yaeyama language]], and [[Yonaguni language]]. Along with Japanese, they form the Japonic family of languages. *Amami language:

*''Japanese'': 中国語 ''(Chûgoku go)'' ...uages and dialects that can all be subsumed under the category of "Chinese language(s)."

...her of [[Chinese language]] and calligraphy, known for compiling the first Japanese dictionary of vernacular Chinese in [[1716]]. ...d up becoming a notable contributor to [[Ogyu Sorai|Ogyû Sorai's]] Chinese-language association. In [[1716]], he compiled the ''Tôwa san'yô'', a dictionary o

...d interpreters) specialized in the translation & interpretation of [[Dutch language|Dutch]], while a category of ''Tô tsûji'' ("[[Tojin|Chinese]]" interprete ...u Sorai|Ogyû Sorai's]] Chinese-language society and who compiled the first Japanese dictionary of vernacular Chinese, is an oft-cited example.<ref>Rebeckah Cle

*''Japanese'': [[立石]] 得十郎 ''(Tateishi Tokujuurou)'' ...[[1860]] as part of the [[1860 Japanese Embassy to the United States|first Japanese embassy to the US]].

*''Japanese'': 與那覇世頭豊見親 ''(Yonahasedo Tuyumya)'' ...he had some twenty Miyako Islanders remain on Okinawa to study [[Okinawan language]].

*''Japanese'': [[森山]] 栄之助 ''(Moriyama Einosuke)'' ...gn relations interactions in the mid-1850s, especially in terms of foreign language translation and interpretation.

Samuel Wells Williams was the Chinese & Japanese interpreter and translator on [[Commodore Matthew Perry|Commodore Perry's]] ...issionary the mission met in Ryûkyû, are harshly critical of one another's language abilities, manner, and approach.

==Language== ...notable linguistic hybrid seen in the ''Kojiki'', it contained interwoven Japanese when citing word-for-word or presenting poetry.

*''Chinese/Japanese'': 高泉性潡 ''(Gāoquán Xìngdùn / Kôsen Shôton)'' ...have played a significant role in sparking Yoshiyasu's interest in Chinese language and culture, and initiating his training in it, though Gaoquan passed away

...oing it in Japan. The result was the ''Hepburn'' style of romanization of Japanese words. ...ides publishing the first Christian tract; also a Bible dictionary in that language. He was one of the founders of the Christian College, known as the Meiji Ga

*''Japanese'': [[伊東]] 貫斎 ''(Itô Kansai)'' Itô Kansai was an English-language interpreter and translator who served the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in interac

...a notable role in [[Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu|Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu's]] Chinese-language salon. ...saki]]-based Japanese family of hereditary [[Nagasaki interpreters|Chinese-language interpreters]], or the illegitimate son of a Nagasaki-based Chinese merchan

...translated into English in the 20th century, are among the chief European-language sources on the history of the kingdom and its capital city, and on the hist Van Vliet is said to have learned the Thai language quite quickly, and to have mingled among Siamese elites, Buddhist monks, an

...s today generally write that Pound's knowledge of Noh, and of the Japanese language, was minimal, and that the book contains numerous errors, misunderstandings

...弥姑 ''(Amamiko, Amamikyo; [[Amami language]]: Amamiku, Amamikyu; [[Okinawan language]]: Amanchu, Amamichu)'' ...oddess is often called Amamichu in the [[Okinawan language]]; in that same language, a person from Amami would be called ''Amaminchu''. "[https://ryukyushimpo.

The [[1855]] Treaty of Shimoda, also known as the Russo-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Amity, signed between the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] and [[ ...panese-language version. The Japanese were not given a copy of the Russian-language version of the document, but it was the Dutch which the Russians said would

*''Japanese'': 安里屋ユンタ ''(asadoya yunta)'' ...Islands]] which, in a version with lyrics in [[Japanese language|standard Japanese]], has become the most popular, or most widely-known Okinawan folk song.

...y adopting the robes and manners of a Confucian official, studying Chinese language, [[Confucianism|Confucian]] teachings, and so forth, rather than more stubb ...ng Christianity in classical Chinese.<ref>Watanabe Hiroshi, ''A History of Japanese Political Thought, 1600-1901'', International House of Japan (2012), 156.</

*''Japanese'': [[比嘉]]春潮 ''(Higa Shunchou)'' ...the compilation of the ''Okinawa-go jiten'' ("Dictionary of the [[Okinawan language]]"), and produced a survey of the University of Hawaii's Sakamaki-Hawley Co

*''Japanese'': ルウンペ ''(ruunpe)'' The [[Ainu language|Ainu]] word ''ruunpe'' refers to "things that have a path." This name for t

Japanese Title: '''Hojo Tokimune''' * Language: Japanese

*''Japanese'': 懐風藻 ''(kaifuusou)'' The ''Kaifûsô'', compiled in [[751]], is the oldest compilation of Japanese poetry written in Chinese.

*''Japanese'': [[前野]] 良沢 ''(Maeno Ryoutaku)'' ...ting Dutch materials, and organizing opportunities for others to learn the language.

Japanese Title: '''あずみ''' * Language: Japanese

*''Japanese'': 元田永孚 ''(Motoda Eifu)'' Motoda is also credited with playing a significant role in drafting the language of the ''[[Imperial Rescript on Education]]'', promulgated in [[1890]].

*''Japanese'': 竹富島 ''(Taketomi jima)'' ...yrics invented and promoted in the 20th century, the traditional [[Yaeyama language]] lyrics tell the story of a young woman who resists being given to (marrie

*''Japanese'': 阿寒湖 ''(akan ko)'' ...words for "eternal" or "unchanging." It is written in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[kanji]] using ''[[ateji]]'' (characters which emulate the sounds of a p

Japanese Title: '''Onmitsu Shichishoki''' * Language: Japanese

*''Japanese'': 盧草拙 ''(Ro Sôsetsu)'' ...own for his role in making Chinese texts on European sciences available to Japanese scholars, and for his own writings, such as ''Nagasaki senmin den'' ("Lives

Japanese Title: '''Ansatsu''' * Language: Japanese

...of interest also included [[Heian period]] court structure and society and Japanese literature. ...ryant resided in Japan from 1986 to 1992. He also had an Master of Arts in Japanese from Indiana University.

Japanese Title: '''Yoshitsune''' * Language: Japanese

Japanese Title: '''Kiganjo no Boken''' * Language: Japanese

* Language: Japanese

Japanese Title: '''Ansatsu Shirei''' * Language: Japanese

Japanese Title: '''Jusan-Nin no Shikaku''' * Language: Japanese

...verganglichen Welt''. The first widely circulated English translation of a Japanese work was not to come out until [[1871]]. ...shed alongside the original Japanese. Pfizmaier himself was self-taught in Japanese.

...turning to Hawaii, the brothers established worker assistance programs for Japanese immigrants to the islands.

*''Japanese'': 中山世譜 ''(chuuzan seifu)'' ...oken|Shô Shôken]] around [[1650]], re-presenting the contents in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]; in addition, while the historical facts and overall historical n

*''Japanese/Okinawan'': 地頭代 ''(jitoudai / jitudee)'' ''Jitôdai'', or ''jitudee'' in [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]], were local village officials appointed to administer and overse

Japanese Title: '''Komyo ga Tsuji''' (功名が辻) * Language: Japanese

*''Titles'': 読谷山王子 ''(Yomitanzan ôji / [[Okinawan language|O]]: Yuntanzan wuuji)'' *''Japanese'': [[向]] 大烈 ''(Shou Dairetsu)''

...and events in Japan, among members of the [[Japanese immigration to Hawaii|Japanese community in Hawaii]] in its early decades. Some continued to circulate tod ...al today (ハワイ). These papers played a key role in informing members of the Japanese community, especially those who did not speak English or Hawaiian, about lo

...suggest a connection between [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and the Altaic language family.

* Language: Japanese The famed Japanese swordsman [[Miyamoto Musashi]] of the 17th century is not the violent yet p

*''Japanese'': 琉球国由来記 ''(Ryuukyuu koku yuraiki)'' It was later translated by [[Tei Heitetsu]] into a [[Chinese language]] version, entitled ''[[Ryukyu-koku kyuki|Ryûkyû-koku kyûki]]''. This wa

*''Japanese'':　合田清　''(Gouda Kiyoshi)'' ...or newspapers and magazines. He also briefly worked as a teacher of French language at the Tokyo Fine Arts School.

Japanese Title: '''Ako Roushi''' * Language: Japanese

...ed in [[1895]]-[[1896]], roughly ten years after the beginning of formal [[Japanese immigration to Hawaii]]. ...re, customs, and morals (''shûshin''), and the history of Japan and of the Japanese community in Hawaii.

...attending Liverpool University, Hawley moved to Japan to become an English language teacher at the Tokyo School of Foreign Languages in 1931. After some time a ...tbreak of World War II, he returned to England, where he attended Japanese language training at the University of London, worked for the BBC, and traveled to W

*''Japanese'': [[中村]]博愛 ''(Nakamura Hironari)'' ...time at the [[han school|domain school]] in Kagoshima, and later served as Japanese ambassador to the Netherlands, Portugal, and Denmark.

*''Japanese'': [[真栄平]] 房昭 ''(Maehira Bôshô)''<ref>Not to be confused with [ ...cy of Ryukyu|Ryukyuan scholar-official]] known in particular as an English-language interpreter.

...Ryukyuan Court Music, Uzagaku: Classification and Performance Techniques, Language Usage, and Transmission," PhD thesis, University of Sheffield (2018), 124.< *Conrad Schirokauer, et al, ''A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations'', Fourth Edition, Cengage Learning (2012), 84-85.

* Language: Japanese

...a Rinzô]] and other Japanese scholars and explorers, teaching them Russian language, and information about Europe, and learning about Japan in return. ...entitled "Navigation in Japanese coastal waters and negotiations with the Japanese government" as a supplement to Golovnin's account.

Japanese Title: '''Ashura-jo no Hitomi''' * Language: Japanese

..." in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. ''Ufushu'' (''Ôshu'' or ''Ônushi'' in Japanese) is not a name, but rather means "great leader."</ref> was born on [[Hateru

Japanese Title: '''Abe Ichizoku''' (阿部一族) * Language: Japanese

*''Titles'': 宜野湾王子 ''(J: Ginowan ôji, [[Okinawan language|O]]: Jinon wuuji, Prince Ginowan)'' *''Japanese'': [[尚]] 寅 ''(Shô In)''

...ne occasion.<ref>Cesare Polenghi, ''Samurai of Ayutthaya: Yamada Nagamasa, Japanese warrior and merchant in early seventeenth-century Siam''. Bangkok: White Lo ...ith Company business in a number of ways, chiefly as a tutor of [[Japanese language]] for the English staff. While the two were separated for a time, she conti

...hompson, Robin]]. ''The Music of Ryukyu''. ''Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music''. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, 2008. p304.</ref> ...jin dialect, spoken in Northern Okinawa, and sometimes called the Kunigami language or dialect, takes its name from [[Nakijin]], the former capital of the nort

...d practices, the earliest Buddhist temples to be established by or for the Japanese community in Hawaii came only after the establishment of a number of Christ ...prominent Japanese Christian leaders of missionizing efforts aimed at the Japanese community there.

...to marry a Japanese wife and, seemingly, lead a happy life as a member of Japanese society. ...r executed as a criminal. The account ends by saying that Ferreira and his Japanese wife do not get along well. It seems rather unlikely, however, that he woul

*''Japanese'': [[柳沢]]吉保 ''(Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu)'' ...colloquial Chinese which served as the basis for Sorai's own study of the language. When the Chinese monk [[Yuefeng Daozhang]] was interviewed by Tsunayoshi i

*Japanese/Okinawan: 摂政 ''(sessei/shisshi)'' ...the position is not quite the same, and is not derived originally from the Japanese model or system.

*''Japanese'': 加世田 ''(Kaseda)'' ...od, it was one of a handful of places within [[Satsuma han]] where Chinese-language interpreters were stationed, serving both commercial purposes, and to help

*''Japanese'': 琉球画誌 ''(Ryuukyuu gashi)'' ...wise during that time. The last few pages of the volume discuss [[Okinawan language]], [[Ryukyuan court ranks]], banners carried in the processions, etc.

*''Japanese'': [[松浦]] 霞沼 ''(Matsuura Kashou)'' ...heard of him. Incidentally, Matsuura did not speak or understand [[Korean language]], and communicated with the Koreans either through Amenomori, who served a

*''Japanese'': 安積澹泊 ''(Asaka Tanpaku)'' ...a student of [[Zhu Shunsui]], learning both vernacular (spoken) [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and the reading of the [[Confucian classics]] in Chinese pronunci

*''Korean/Japanese'': 海東諸國紀　''(Haedong chegukki / Kaitou shokokki)'' ...Countries of the Eastern Sea") is a compilation of the history, geography, language, and foreign relations of Japan and [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû]], compiled b

*''Japanese'': 正龍寺 ''(seiryuu ji)'' ...nfucianism]] in the port, and people at the temple, well-versed in Chinese language, played a significant role in the translation and drafting of trade documen

*''Japanese'': [[識名]]盛命 ''(Shikina Seimei)'' ...1]] of the ''[[Konkokenshu|Konkôkenshû]]'', a dictionary of Ryukyuan court language.

*''Japanese'': 混効験集 ''(konkou kenshuu)'' ...Ryukyuan royal court, and amongst Ryûkyû's aristocracy, explaining each in Japanese.

Edward Seidensticker was a prominent translator of Japanese literature. His many works included translations of the ''[[Tale of Genji]] ...olorado, he initially studied English literature. He then studied Japanese language at the US Navy's school in Colorado, and took a job working for SCAP (the O

...s compiling his ''[[Bango-sen]]'' ("Lexicon of the Barbarian Language"), a Japanese-Dutch dictionary.

Japanese Title: '''Chushingura: Oka no Maki, Kikka no Maki''' * Language: Japanese

*''Japanese'': 柳宗悦 ''(Yanagi Souetsu)'' ...[[House of Peers]], was likewise a veteran rear admiral in the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]. His father, who died less than two years after Sôetsu was born, wa

*''Japanese'': 中山世鑑 ''(chuuzan seikan)'' ...Okinawa to be compiled. It was written in [[1650]], in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], by high-ranking [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyuan]] government minister [[Sho Sh

*''Japanese/Okinawan'': 御物奉行 ''(omono bugyô, gomotsu bugyô / umun bujô)'' ...''Omono bugyô'' or ''gomotsu bugyô'', known as ''umun bujô'' in [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]], was an official under the authority of the ''[[hyojoju|hyôjôj

*''Japanese'': [[佐藤]]舜海 ''(Satou Shunkai)'' ...hiharu]], Shunkai became a boarding student the Juntendô and studied Dutch language and medicine under [[Sato Taizen|Satô Taizen]] and [[Sato Takanaka|Satô T

...in Hawaii]], as well as in establishing or supporting other aspects of the Japanese community in the islands. ...ref>Odo and Sinoto, 154.</ref> In [[1904]], Okumura became the head of the Japanese Christian Church in Nu'uanu, establishing a second mission in Makiki at tha

*The [[Imperial Japanese Army]] publishes a History of Warfare in Japan. ...argues the [[Korean language]] to be a lost dialect of [[Japanese language|Japanese]].

*''Japanese'': 屋久島 ''(Yakushima)'' ...-year term in the position. A number of other officials, including Chinese-language interpreters, were also stationed there.<ref>Ono Masako, Tomita Chinatsu, K

...rteen Japanese, including [[Moriyama Einosuke]], who would put his English language abilities to use interpreting for shogunate officials during their encounte

*''Japanese'': 伊是名殿内の墓 ''(Izena dunchi no haka)'' The tomb is one of the largest "tortoise-shell tombs" ([[Okinawan language|O]]: ''kaami kuu nu baka'') in [[Okinawa prefecture]], covering some 660 sq

*''Japanese'': [[与那原]] 良矩 ''(Yonabaru Ryouku)'' ...gentleman official." He was also known for his talent in writing Japanese-language prose.

...Ryukyuan Court Music, Uzagaku: Classification and Performance Techniques, Language Usage, and Transmission," PhD thesis, University of Sheffield (2018), 16.</

...球國王之印) in [[seal script]] on the right, and an inscription in the [[Manchu language]] on the left. As reproduced in ''Ryûkyû kokuô sappô no zu'', handscrol *''Japanese'': 満州民族 ''(manshuu minzoku)''

...urned to the United States, where he played a role in receiving the [[1860 Japanese Embassy to the United States]].

...ion of the ''Chûzan denshin roku'', on display at the [[National Museum of Japanese History]].]] *''Chinese/Japanese'': 中山伝信録 ''(Zhōngshān chuán xìn lù / Chuuzan denshin roku)''

...ver commercially produced translation of Japanese literature in a European language.

*''Japanese'': 琉客談記 ''(Ryuukaku danki)'' ...n]] and musician [[Sai Hokin|Sai Hôkin]]. Akazaki asked them, in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], about the route they traveled to Beijing, their stay in Beijing,

...ion) at all similar to ''peechin'', but rather might be read in [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]] as ''uya kumu uii'', suggesting that the term may have derived f

Premodern Japanese measurements consisted of the following:

*''Japanese'': 薩摩川内 ''(Satsuma sendai)'' ...Sendai was also one of a handful of cities in Satsuma domain where Chinese-language interpreters were regularly stationed.<ref>Ono Masako, Tomita Chinatsu, Kan

*''Titles'': 豊見城王子 ''(Tomigusuku ouji / [[Okinawan language|O]]: Tumigushiku wuuji)'' *''Japanese'': [[豊見城]] 朝春 ''(Tomigusuku Choushun)''

*''Japanese'': [[佐藤]]泰然 ''(Satou Taizen)'' ...medicine, including surgical techniques, along with education in the Dutch language, drawing almost exclusively upon imported European books. In his activities

*''Japanese'': [[西川]] 如見 ''(Nishikawa Joken)'' ...and on the peoples of the world. Joken is regarded as one of the earliest Japanese scholars to engage with and promote European observational approaches to as

*''Japanese'': 煽りやへ、阿応理屋恵 ''(Aoriyae)'' ...n "island-smashing priestess," the word ''shima'' ("island") in [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]] referring not only to physical islands but also to any well-defi

*''Japanese'': 文武天皇 ''(Monmu tennô)'' ...Ryukyuan Court Music, Uzagaku: Classification and Performance Techniques, Language Usage, and Transmission," PhD thesis, University of Sheffield (2018), 14.</

*''Japanese/Okinawan'': 大屋子 ''(ooyako / ufuyaku)'', 大屋子もい ''(ooyakomoi ''Ôyako'', or ''ufuyaku'' in [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]], was a title held by various officials in the [[government of th

*''Japanese'': 琉球大学 ''(Ryûkyû daigaku)'', 琉大 ''(Ryûdai)'' ...and the university opened with the language of instruction being primarily Japanese.

*''Japanese'': 横浜外国人墓地 ''(yokohama gaikokujin bochi)'' ...or [[Meiji period]] Japan. The cemetery covers a total of roughly 5600 ''[[Japanese Measurements|tsubo]]'' and is divided into 22 sections; most of the graves

...olarship and personality as a pioneer in the study of the history of Dutch-Japanese relations." ''Tôhôgaku'' 80 (July 1990).</ref> ...ofessor at Tokyo University for many years, and a leading scholar on Dutch-Japanese relations, on Edo period foreign relations, and related subjects. His work

*''Japanese'': サバニ ''(sabani)'' ...used as a sealant in constructing the boats, and ''funi'', the [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]] word for "boat." This shark-derived sealant protects against the

...already in the process of studying abroad, they were mostly only studying language and certain other subjects so as to engage in business and gain prosperity

...rovince]], and many of his students later became prominent officers in the Japanese government. He journeyed frequently into the regions of central and ...His library at Ithaca contained many rare books published in the Japanese language, and he probably had the finest collection of general works upon Japan in t

*''Japanese'': [[宜野湾]][[御殿]]の墓 ''(Ginowan udun no haka)'' ...le of [[turtleback tombs]] (J: ''kamekô baka'', ''kikkô baka'', [[Okinawan language|O]]: ''kaami nu kuu baka''). Always a royal tomb, in the 19th century, it b

*''Japanese'': 志筑忠雄 ''(Shizuki Tadao)'' ...lar, best known for his [[1801]] text ''[[Sakokuron]]'', the first work in Japanese to use the word "''[[sakoku]]''."

...g [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]'s [[Korean Invasions]]. The village lay seven ''[[Japanese Measurements|ri]]'' west of the castle town of [[Kagoshima]], and was exemp ...names such as Shin, Kin, and Park, an indication that they had not adopted Japanese-style names.

*''Japanese'': [[伊東]] 玄朴 ''(Itou Genboku)'' ...nd traveled to [[Nagasaki]], where he was able to study medicine and Dutch language with [[Philipp von Siebold]] and interpreter [[Inomata Den'emon]].

*''Japanese/Chinese'': [[向]]　象賢 ''(Shou Shouken / Xiàng Xiàngxián)'' ...ence. Haneji Chôshû, meanwhile, is a Japanese-style name, used in Japanese-language correspondence.</ref>, was a scholar-bureaucrat of the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|

*''Japanese/Chinese'': [[梁]] 国琬 ''(Ryou Kokuen / Liáng Guówǎn)'' ...t two occasions prior to the age of 30, and served for a time as a Chinese-language interpreter. In 1751/8, he was appointed to be instructor in Chinese instru

*''Japanese'': 滝沢馬琴 ''(Takizawa Bakin)'' ...any famous and significant works was the first widely distributed Japanese-language version of the ''[[Suikoden]]'', published serially from [[1805]] to [[1835

...1712]], which contained the first description in a European publication of Japanese soybeans, and the most detailed description yet of the processes of produci ...Museum]], and the Museum later acquired Kaempfer's personal collection of Japanese and Chinese prints in [[1753]].

...ge:Shogun Sexecutioner II One Sheet.jpg|right|thumb|Shogun Sexecutioner II Japanese One-Sheet]] * Language: Japanese

...oshiyasu's retainers perform or demonstrate a dialogue in spoken [[Chinese language|Chinese]] before the shogun. ...ng]]'' (''Daxue''). [[Ogyu Sorai|Ogyû Sorai]] provides interpretation into Japanese.

*''Japanese'': 物の哀れ ''(mono no aware)'' ...equently used to refer to a particular aesthetic, or aesthetic element, in Japanese traditional culture, particularly [[Nara period|Nara]] and [[Heian period]]

*''Japanese'': 諸橋轍次 ''(Morohashi Tetsuji)'' ...istics. He is known especially for his ''Dai kanwa jiten'' ("Great Chinese-Japanese Encyclopedia"), which is still today frequently regarded as the most thorou

*''Japanese'': 鬼界ヶ島 ''(Kikaigashima, Kikaijima)'' ...Dazaifu dispatched orders to suppress the raiders, and it was Kikai which Japanese records credit with successfully doing so.<ref name=smits18>Gregory Smits,

*''Japanese/Okinawan'': 大阿母志良礼 ''(Ooamushirare / Ufuanshitari)'' The Ôamushirare, or Ufuanshitari in [[Okinawan language|Uchinaaguchi]], were three high-ranking priestesses directly below the ''[[

Japanese Title: '''Nobô no Shiro''' のぼうの城 * Language: Japanese

*''Japanese'': [[森]]有礼 ''(Mori Arinori)'' ...sociated controversy. He then returned to Kagoshima, and opened an English-language school.<ref name=birthplace>Plaque on-site at Mori Arinori's birthplace, Ka

*''Japanese'': 琉球雑話 ''(Ryuukyuu zatsuwa)'' ...ge]] is not mutually intelligible with Chinese, and shares many words with Japanese.

*''Other Names'': 魚小堀 ''([[Okinawan language|O]]: iyugumui)'', 円鑑池 ''(Enkanchi)'' *''Japanese'': 龍潭 ''(Ryuutan)''

...is way in modern texts. This is a typical vowel shift in [[bungo|classical Japanese]].</ref>)'' ...ld be written this same way, but pronounced as ''umuru'' in the [[Okinawan language]].

*''Japanese'': 奴国 ''(Nakoku, Na no kuni)'' ...e<ref>The character 国, read as ''koku'' or ''kuni'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], can be translated as "country" or "province"</ref> which was located in

*''Japanese'': 伊波普猷 ''(Iha Fuyuu, or Ifa Fuyuu)'' ...Okinawan Studies. He was a fierce advocate for the idea that Okinawan and Japanese people, and cultures, came from the same origin, and that with [[Okinawa pr

...skill in maritime navigation, commerce, Ming bureaucracy, ritual, Chinese language, and/or other relevant matters, to gain positions in tributary missions.<re ...se, Japanese, and Southeast Asian goods being provided to Southeast Asian, Japanese, and Chinese markets.

...ive heads of the Mitsui family. Replica on display at [[National Museum of Japanese History]]]] *''Japanese'': 三井八郎右衛門 ''(Mitsui Hachirouemon)''

...ents of the time regularly misrepresent Japanese names. It is unclear what Japanese name this is meant to approximate, or represent, in its spelling/pronunciat *Gary Leupp, ''Interracial Intimacy in Japan: Western Men and Japanese Women, 1543-1900'', A&C Black (2003), 60-61.

*[[Mutsu Munemitsu]] is appointed Japanese ambassador to the United States. *''The Pilgrim's Progress'' (John Bunyan, 1678) becomes the first English-language novel published in Korean ''[[hangul]]'' translation.

...ia Station, was a British naval officer who in [[1854]] signed the [[Anglo-Japanese Convention of 1854]] with ''[[Nagasaki bugyo|Nagasaki bugyô]]'' [[Mizuno T ...d interpretation, that roughly a month after Stirling's arrival, the Anglo-Japanese Convention of 1854 was drafted and signed.

...Korean, and of ''[[kanbun]]'' and other forms of pre-modern / early modern Japanese, in order to pursue research into such subjects. *"Korean-Japanese Diplomacy in 1711: Sukchong's Court and the Shogun's Title," ''Chôsen gaku

* ''Japanese:'' 公動会 ''(Koudoukai)'' ...n prince [[Prince Sho En|Shô En]] and a number of others, in opposition to Japanese assimilationist policies in [[Okinawa]]. Organized and supported chiefly by

*''Japanese'': 琉球談 ''(Ryuukyuu banashi, Ryuukyuu dan)'' ...als, coming-of-age ceremonies), as well as performing arts, and [[Okinawan language]]. The book includes a few mentions of odd things here and there – such a

*''Titles'': 浦添王子 ''(Urasoe ôji, [[Okinawan language|O]]: Urashii wuuji, Prince of Urasoe)'' *''Japanese'': [[尚]] 維衡 ''(Shô Ikô)''

*''Japanese/Okinawan'': 宜湾朝保 ''(Giwan Chouho)'' ...ven name, used in combination with the title "Ginowan ueekata" in Japanese-language correspondence.</ref>, also known more simply as Giwan Chôho, was a [[King

* ''Japanese'': 鹿ヶ谷事件 ''(Shishigatani jiken)''; 鹿ヶ谷の陰謀 ''(Shishiga The incident is also known in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as ''Shishigatani no Inbô'' (鹿ケ谷の陰謀), the Shishigatani Consp

*''Japanese/Okinawan'': 察度 ''(Satto)'' ...the characters; the same term is read as ''tendô'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and as ''tian-dao'' in Chinese ''pinyin''.</ref> (天道), a concept clo

*''Japanese'': 菅江真澄 ''(Sugae Masumi)'' ...attempting to learn the language of the [[Ainu]], and to assemble an Ainu-Japanese dictionary. He returned to Honshû (Tôhoku), spending his remaining years

...球國王之印) in [[seal script]] on the right, and an inscription in the [[Manchu language]] on the left. As reproduced in ''Ryûkyû kokuô sappô no zu'', handscrol *''Japanese/Chinese'': 琉球國王之印 ''(Ryûkyû kokuô no in / Liúqiú guówáng

*''Japanese'': 久高島 ''(Kudaka jima)'' ...acred spaces from which priestesses and others could face east ([[Okinawan language|Okinawan]]: ''agari'') towards Kudaka, the sea (''[[nirai kanai]]''), and t

*''Japanese'': 百浦添御殿御普請日記 ''(Momourasoe udun gofushin nikki / Umund ...sections or views of portions of the Main Hall (J: ''Seiden'', [[Okinawan language]]: ''Umundasui udun'') of the Shuri royal palace, including detailed notati

*''Other Names'': 阿蘭陀墓地 ''(J: oranda bochi)'' or ウランダー墓 ''([[Okinawan language|O]]: urandaa haka)'' *''Japanese'': [[泊]]外国人墓地 ''(Tomari gaikokujin bochi)'' or 泊外人墓地

...ar. Appearing in the ''Nihon bôeki shinbun'', a translation of the English-language newspaper ''Japan Commercial News'', the cartoon depicts a man with his dec

*''Japanese'': 順天堂 ''(Juntendou)'' ...udy of the Dutch language. The school attracted students from all over the Japanese archipelago.

...n Japanese nationals, including [[Takezoe Shinichiro|Takezoe Shinichirô]], Japanese ambassador to Korea. *An agreement is drafted for Japanese immigration to [[Hawaii]].

*''Japanese'': 波上宮 ''(Naminoue-guu)'' ...[[Japanese language|Japanese]].</ref>, and later was incorporated into the Japanese system of Shinto shrines.

* Japanese: ルイス・フロイス ''(Ruisu Furoisu)'' ...in Malacca, he arrived in Japan in 1563, where he began to study Japanese language and customs in Takushima (度島) near [[Hirado]]. Early in [[1565]] he joi

*''Japanese'': 牧志朝忠 ''(Makishi Chouchuu)'' ...7%89%A7%E5%BF%97%E6%9C%9D%E5%BF%A0 Makishi Chôchû]." Asahi Encyclopedia of Japanese Historical Figures (朝日日本歴史人物事典, ''Asahi Nihon rekishi j

*''Japanese/Okinawan'': 大里城 ''(Oozato gusuku / Ufuzato gushiku, Ufuzato gusuku)'' Ôzato gusuku ([[Okinawan language|O]]: Ufuzato gusuku), is traditionally said to have been the seat of power

*''Japanese'': 雨森芳洲 ''(Amenomori Houshuu)'' ...he was sent by the domain to [[Nagasaki]], where he was to study [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. He then traveled to Tsushima at age 26, where he was provided wi

*''Japanese'': [[島津]]重豪 ''(Shimazu Shigehide)'' ...He is also said to have acquired some proficiency in writing in the Dutch language.

...t of [[Tokyo University]], where he specializes in studying the [[Okinawan language]] and the ''[[Omoro soshi|Omoro sôshi]]''. *''[[Prominent Americans interested in Japan and prominent Japanese in America]]'' is published.

*''Japanese'': 雅楽 ''(gagaku)'' ...Ryukyuan Court Music, Uzagaku: Classification and Performance Techniques, Language Usage, and Transmission," PhD thesis, University of Sheffield (2018), 14.</

*''Japanese'': 蘭学 ''(rangaku)'' ...by extension, Western) science, technology, philosophy, history, art, and language, based primarily on Dutch books imported via [[Nagasaki]]. Medicine (includ

*''Japanese'': 役者論語 ''(Yakusha Rongo)'' The English-language title derives from the fact that 論語 (''Rongo'' in Japanese) is the original Chinese name for what is known in English as the [[Analect

*''Japanese'': 日本書紀 ''(Nihon shoki)'' ...into question. W.G. Aston, author of the most famous and prominent English-language translation, notes that in many places the dates need to be moved up as muc

George H. Kerr was one of the leading English-language scholars on the history of [[Okinawa]]. His 1958 book ''Okinawa: The Histor ...dy allowing him to travel to Japan. There, while continuing his studies in Japanese history and culture, he gained an expertise in art and antiques. Kerr then

*''Japanese'': 福地 源一郎 ''(Fukuchi Gen'ichirou)'' He studied [[Rangaku]] and the Dutch language from a young age, and journeyed to Edo at the age of 18 in [[1858]] to lear

...ry Kissinger, and former US President Bill Clinton, to countless prominent Japanese artists, film directors and actors, and scholars. ...y of New York for General Baron [[Kuroki Tamemoto]], a hero of the [[Russo-Japanese War]], who visited New York in May 1907 along with another veteran of that

...Ryukyuan Court Music, Uzagaku: Classification and Performance Techniques, Language Usage, and Transmission," PhD thesis, University of Sheffield (2018), 123-1 *Conrad Schirokauer, et al, ''A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations'', Fourth Edition, Cengage Learning (2012), 84-92.

*''Japanese'': 百度踏揚 or 百十踏揚 ''(Momoto Fumiagari)'' ...with her attendant, master fencer [[Oni Ogusuku|Oni Ôgusuku]] ([[Okinawan language|O]]: Uni Ufugushiku), returning to Shuri Castle and revealing her husband's

*''Japanese'': [[清水]] 次郎長 ''(Shimizu Jirôchô)'' Jirôchô also played a role in helping to establish the first English-language school in the region (perhaps the first in all of Japan), within the Meitok

...ning of the 17th century, around the time of the invasion of Ryûkyû by the Japanese feudal domain of [[Satsuma han|Satsuma]], Kumemura and its community of Chi ...by a rice stipend. These stipends were quite small as compared to those of Japanese samurai, but were likely quite appreciated, particularly after [[1712]], wh

*''Japanese'': 沖縄県立芸術大学 ''(Okinawa kenritsu geijutsu daigaku)'' ...Ryukyuan Court Music, Uzagaku: Classification and Performance Techniques, Language Usage, and Transmission," PhD thesis, University of Sheffield (2018), 190.<

*''Japanese'': [[尚]] 典 ''(Shou Ten)'' ...court life, costume, court language, and ritual, and adopted those of the Japanese peerage.

*''Chinese/Japanese'': 牟子 ''(Móuzǐ / Boushi)'' ...ism essentially align, expressing the same concepts, but just in different language.

*''Japanese'': 懐良親王 ''(Kanenaga shinnou / Kaneyoshi shinnou)'' ...anenaga or Kaneyoshi. He is more commonly known as Kanenaga in the English-language scholarship.</ref> was a son of [[Emperor Go-Daigo]] and the head of the ''

*''Japanese'': [[東恩納]]寛惇 ''(Higashionna Kanjun)'' ...guage]] retained more features of ancient Japanese than did any (mainland) Japanese dialect.<ref>Yokoyama Manabu 横山学, ''Ryûkyû koku shisetsu torai no k

*''Japanese'': 御座楽 ''(uzagaku)'' ...Ryukyuan Court Music, Uzagaku: Classification and Performance Techniques, Language Usage, and Transmission," PhD thesis, University of Sheffield (2018), 14-21

*1855/1/5 (Feb 21) Commander [[Henry A. Adams]] of the ''Powhatan'' and Japanese representatives exchange ratified copies of the Convention of Kanagawa, com ...ttelheim]] publishes his translation of the Gospel of Luke into [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]].

...e 5th-7th centuries CE, to be applied to the Japanese (spoken) language, a language with completely separate origins. ...cters were also used solely for their sounds, in order to represent native Japanese words (see ''[[manyogana|man'yôgana]]''); these later evolved into ''hirag

*''Japanese'': 永観堂禅林寺 ''(Eikandou Zenrinji)'' *"Zenrin-ji and its History," English-language pamphlet obtained on-site.

...in that position from [[1639]] until [[1641]]. He had five children with a Japanese wife, all of whom relocated to [[Batavia]] in [[1641]]. ...have begun in the galleys, but was promoted due to his skill in [[Japanese language]], and by [[1627]] he served as interpreter for ''opperhoofd'' (factor) [[P

*''Japanese'': 武家諸法度 ''(buke shohatto)'' ...ly upon the [[Chinese classics]], and upon earlier Japanese law codes. The language of the ''buke shohatto'' employed the character 公 (''kô''/''ôyake'') me

*''Japanese'': 荻生徂徠 ''(Ogyuu Sorai)'' ...rai was able to learn vernacular (and not only classical, textual) Chinese language, and had many opportunities to participate in study & discussion sessions w

...ryû pronunciations are interchangeable.</ref> is a [[Koryū|traditional]] [[Japanese martial art]] founded in [[1650]], a [[bujutsu]] school that focuses on Kum ...spirit converged at that one moment. This event, called ''[[satori]]'' in Japanese, prompted him to change the name of Futagami-ryû to Sôsuishi-ryû in rem

*''Japanese/Okinawan'': [[玉城]] 朝薫 ''(Tamagusuku Choukun)'' ...''kumi udui'' in [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]], and as ''kumi odori'' in Japanese. It was then performed for the first time, before the Chinese [[investiture

...ht|thumb|400px|The Tenshikan, as depicted in a 1788 handscroll painting by Japanese painter Yamaguchi Suiô]] *''Other Names'': 館屋 ''([[Okinawan language|O]]: Kwanya)''

...|that same time]], including the idea of ''[[wakon yosai|wakon yôsai]]'' ("Japanese spirit, Western knowledge"). ...against adopting, but rather as universals. He writes "while in clothing, language, and customs China is different from foreign countries, the utilization of

*''Japanese'': 隅田川 ''(Sumidagawa)'' ...she performs a crazy dance for him. Offended, she replies in refined Kyoto language that she is a noblewoman and will not stoop to such things; she recites, to

*''Japanese/Okinawan'': 芭蕉布 ''(bashoufu / baasaa nunu)'' ''Bashôfu'', or ''baasaa'' in [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]], is cloth made from the fibers of a particular type of banana pl

*''Japanese'': 旧土人保護法 ''(kyuudojin hogo hou)'' ...ed at the assimilation of the [[Ainu]] prople (i.e. transforming them into Japanese citizens) and at ensuring their welfare. It is today widely seen by scholar

...nk/title of Chao Phya Kalahom Suryawong; as a result, many of the European-language primary sources from the time refer to him as "the Kalahom." ...truction of Sri Sin and his followers at the hands of Yamada's hundreds of Japanese warriors. King Cetthathirat was killed as well, before he had even been on

*''Japanese'': 紅型 ''(bingata)'' ...awa'', 158.</ref> ''Huā bù'', or "floral cloth," was often used in Chinese-language sources referring to the Ryukyuan product.<ref name=chen92>Buyun Chen, "The

...s are called ''kaami nu kuu baka'' ("tortoise shell graves") in [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]].<ref>"Shuri ma~i" 首里ま～い. Pamphlet. Naha City Board of ...g Meanings of Okinawan Utaki," ''Religions'' 10:298 (2019), 1.</ref> While Japanese families may also share a family tomb, with the cremated remains of family

*''Japanese'': 團團珍聞 ''(marumaru chinbun)'' ...e symbolic references into his cartoons, often relying on a combination of Japanese and Western symbolism, and wordplay. Examples include the inclusion of a ho

...d fortune), as represented in a museum display at the [[National Museum of Japanese History]]. Also seen here are a ''[[shisa]]'' (lion) and ''[[hari]]'' (drag ...tices which many suggest likely grew out of similar or shared origins with Japanese Shinto, though others argue strongly that such ideas have colonialist and O

The Anglo-Japanese Convention of [[1854]] was an agreement signed by British Rear Admiral Sir ...y the process of interpretation across multiple languages, resulted in the Japanese initiating negotiations towards a fuller treaty with the British, which wou

*''Japanese'': 対馬 ''(Tsushima)'' ...ushima province]], and was one of the "eight islands" referred to when the Japanese archipelago was referred to as ''[[Alternate historical names for Japan|Yas

*''Chinese/Japanese'': [[徐]] 葆光 ''(Xú Bǎoguāng / Jo Hokou)'' ...om Changzhou in [[Jiangsu province]]. His ''[[Chinese names|zi]]'' (J: ''[[Japanese names|azana]]'') was Liàng zhí. He was ''tanhua'' (third-highest scoring)

...ly, "Lord bearing the National [i.e. Imperial] Surname") historically, the Japanese play ''The Battles of Coxinga'' changes this to 国性爺 (roughly, "Lord b *''Chinese/Japanese'': [[鄭]]成功 ''(Zhèng Chéng gōng / Tei Seikou)''

*''Chinese/Japanese'': [[秦]]始皇帝 ''(Qín shǐ huáng dì / shin shi koutei)'' ...is brief reign, he established standardized systems of weights & measures, language, and currency, as well as the geographical/political divisions of provinces

...in the islands, and cultivate a distinctive and separate identity from the Japanese-American community. ...rganic Acts passed by the US Congress had outlawed contract labor, freeing Japanese and Okinawan plantation workers alike (along with those of Chinese, Korean,

...rough various publications introduced Europeans to a variety of aspects of Japanese culture and knowledge, in many cases for the first time. ...uilt a greenhouse on Dejima, where he raised hydrangeas, hostas, and other Japanese plants, adapting them to European soil and conditions; Siebold also smuggle

*''Japanese'': ビルマ ''(biruma)'' ...representing Burma as a tributary, however, they also reveal that Burmese language and practice often did not accord to the idealized deferential behavior: Bu

''Utaki'' are known as ''on'' in the [[Yaeyama language]]. ...|Thompson, Robin]]. "The Music of Ryukyu." ''Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music''. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, 2008. pp305-306.

*''Japanese'': 鳥原宗安 ''(Torihara Souan)'' ...ile Sôan’s translator, a native of Nanjing, is given in the records by his Japanese name, Jirôsan <!--次良三-->. Much of this crew had served with Sôan be

*''Japanese'': 南洋 ''(nan'you)'', 南洋群島 ''(nan'you guntou)'' ...eas archipelago") was ruled as a Japanese colony from 1914 until 1944. The Japanese first gained control of Micronesia as part of treaty conditions following W

*''Japanese'': 琉米修好条約 ''(Ryuu-Bei shuukou jouyaku)'' ...E7%90%89%E7%B1%B3%E4%BF%AE%E5%A5%BD%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84 琉米修好条約], Wikisource (Japanese).</ref>

*''Japanese'': 岡倉覚三 ''(Okakura Kakuzou)'' ...a canon of Japanese art. He was also a prominent advocate for traditional Japanese art and culture, and a proponent of caution against Westernizing too quickl

*''Chinese/Japanese'': 福州 ''(Fúzhōu; Fukushuu)'' ...[Tang Dynasty]]. As the chief city in the region of [[Minnan]] culture and language, the city is sometimes known as Mǐn. It is also sometimes known as Róngch

...to aid the Ming Dynasty in defending Korea against the [[Korean Invasions|Japanese invasions]], and the Ming bestowed upon him a number of titles in return fo ...visions of society. Nurhachi also developed a written form for the Jurchen language.

*''Japanese'': 八重山諸島 ''(Yaeyama shotô)'' .... For example, while the [[Yayoi culture]] dominant throughout much of the Japanese archipelago around the 11th century BCE to the 3rd century CE extended as f

...cy is also frequently mistakenly referred to as ''samuree'', an [[Okinawan language|Okinawanization]] of the word "samurai." In truth, though the kingdom certa

...ourned in Ryûkyû from September 15 to October 27, 1816 (8/24 to 9/7 on the Japanese/Ryukyuan calendar). ''Fusei dayû'' [[Nakijin Choei|Nakijin Chôei]] (Shô ...nd published a number of noteworthy books about Japan.<ref>Kikuchi Yuko, ''Japanese Modernisation and Mingei Theory'', Routledge (2004), 142.</ref>

*''Japanese'': 訴状箱 ''(sojoubako)'', 目安箱 ''(meyasubako)'' The ''[[Nihon shoki]]'' indicates that a Japanese emperor may have implemented a petition box system as early as [[646]]. [[E

*''Japanese'': 三道 ''(sandou)'' ...scusses the composition of the play itself, with a particular focus on the language used. He writes about drawing plays from various established stories or sou

...eskin strings"), are not typically used in Ryûkyû, but only among mainland Japanese (Ashgate. p305.), highlighting the snakeskin aspect, and marking the instru *''Japanese'': 三線 ''(sanshin)''

*''Chinese/Japanese'': 元 ''(Yuán / Gen)'' ...ere forbidden from riding horses, possessing firearms, speaking the Mongol language, or intermarrying with Mongols. Many Chinese scholar-officials retreated to

*''Japanese/Okinawan'': 楷船 ''(kaisen / keeshin)'' ''Kaisen'', or ''keeshin'' in [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]],<ref>[http://ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/srnh/details.php?ID=

*''Japanese'': 儒教 ''(jukyou)'' ...phy of the state, Confucianism remained the foundation of Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryukyuan]] political philosophy, or at

*''Japanese'': バーナード・ジャン・ベッテルハイム ''(baanaado jan bett ...m [[1846]] to [[1854]]. He is credited with producing the first [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]]-English dictionary, and the first translation of the Bible into

*''Japanese'': 憲法発布 ''(kenpou hapu)'' ...on, and thus in a sense the anniversary of the establishment of the modern Japanese nation-state. They were advertised ahead of time, and information was given

* ''Japanese/Chinese'': [[尚]] 巴志 ''(Shou Hashi / Shàng Bāzhì)'' ...n Japanese), registered a new title in their annals: ''Liuqiu Wang'' (琉球王, Japanese: ''Ryûkyû-Ô'', King of Ryûkyû), and sent Hashi's emissary back with a

The first Japanese embassy to the [[United States]] took place in [[1860]]. The ambassadors tr ...nominal purpose of this mission was to exchange the Japanese- and English-language versions of the [[Harris Treaty|Treaty of Amity and Commerce]] signed two y

...sian Security'' 1, no. 1 (2005): 58.</ref> Towards the end of this period, Japanese had at least some kind of experience of Vietnam at least as early as the 8t

*''Chinese/Japanese'': 台湾 ''(Táiwān / Taiwan)'' ...''[[wako|wakô]]'' ("Japanese brigands") were mostly Chinese, but included Japanese, Koreans, and Southeast Asians as well, and raided ships and ports all alon

...decisions of governance and legislation. Alongside two ministries known in Japanese as [[Moshikuchiho|Môshikuchihô]] and [[Umun bujo|Mono bugyôsho]] (O: ''U ...but even from quite early on, communications with Japan were written in a Japanese form called ''[[kanbun|wayô kanbun]]'', and not in standard [[classical Ch

*''Japanese'': 宮古列島 ''(Miyako retto)'' .... For example, while the [[Yayoi culture]] dominant throughout much of the Japanese archipelago around the 11th century BCE to the 3rd century CE extended as f

*''Japanese'': [[山田]]長政 ''(Yamada Nagamasa)'' ...and then burned down the ''Nihonmachi'' in order to eliminate any further Japanese threat to his rule.

...oyal castles) and ''minka'' (vernacular residences), incorporates Chinese, Japanese, and Southeast Asian influence in rather distinctive local forms. Red-orang ...n with the same [[kanji|characters]] as ''[[byobu|byôbu]]'' - the standard Japanese term for a folding screen, which also could be said to serve to block wind

*''Japanese/Okinawan'': 至聖廟 ''(Shiseibyou / Chiishinbuu)'' ...children of the exclusive Kumemura community, it hosted classes in Chinese language, the Confucian classics, and bureaucratic & diplomatic skills, as well as s

*''Chinese/Japanese'': 漢 ''(Hàn / Kan)'' ...J: ''kanji'', K: ''hanja'', "Chinese characters") and ''hàn yǔ'' ("Chinese language").

*''Japanese'': アイヌ ''(ainu)'' ...im partial or full Ainu heritage. The Ainu were formally recognized by the Japanese government as an indigenous people in recent years, though social programs

*''Japanese/Okinawan'': 組踊　''(kumi odori / kumi udui)'' ...2010.</ref> It can now be considered in a category with other traditional Japanese performing arts, including ''[[gagaku]]'', ''[[Noh]]'', ''[[bunraku]]'', an

...o]], and, after [[1900]], from [[Okinawan immigration to Hawaii|Okinawa]]. Japanese quickly became one of the largest and most influential ethnic groups in the ...perience, techniques, and technology they might bring back with them. Most Japanese who traveled to Hawaii on three-year contracts, however, settled there perm

*''Japanese'': 朝鮮 ''(Chousen)'' ...any native Korean political and social institutions and replaced them with Japanese ones, as well as oppressing the people, severely damaging Korean cultural t

*''Chinese/Japanese'': 清 ''(Qīng / Shin)'' ...ial China as "the olden times," and should not be confused for the English-language historians' term "ancient."

* ''Japanese/Chinese:'' 琉球館 ''(Ryuukyuukan or Ryuukyuu-yakata / Liúqiú guǎn)'' ...479690860/sizes/o/]</ref> The compound covered an area of roughly 3599 ''[[Japanese Measurements|tsubo]]'', and appears in the ''[[Satsuma fudoki]]''.<ref>Gall

*''Japanese/Chinese:'' [[尚]] 真 (''Shou Shin / Shàng zhēn'') The Shuri dialect of the Okinawan language used by administrators and bureaucrats became standardized at this time, an

*''Japanese'': 宋明理学 ''(Soumin rigaku)'' ...</ref> Keian's techniques for making classical Chinese comprehensible to a Japanese reader unskilled in Chinese were developed further by [[Nanpo Bunshi]], who

*''Jôfu'', or ramie, known as ''karamushi'' in Japanese, is said to be "prized for its strength, high luster, remarkable resistance *Cotton, known as ''mumin'' in [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]], is not native to the Ryukyus, and it is believed that it only f

*''Japanese'': [[橘]]南谿 (Tachibana Nankei) ...too warm in personality to pass for [Japanese], although they resemble the Japanese physically,"<ref>Yonemoto. p93.</ref> the result, in his thinking, it would

*''Japanese/Okinawan'': [[久米]] 村 ''(Kumemura / Kuninda)'' Kumemura, or Kuninda in the [[Okinawan language]], was a walled district of [[Naha]], the chief port city of the [[Kingdom

*''Japanese/Chinese'': 貢 ''(mitsugi / gòng)'' ...apid growth came circa 1570-1630, coinciding with the peak of [[Nihonmachi|Japanese maritime activity in the region]], and of high seas competition between the

*''Japanese'': イエズス会 ''(Iezusu kai)'' ...m Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck, and Arthur Tiedemann (eds.), ''Sources of Japanese Tradition'', Second Edition, vol 2, Columbia University Press (2005), 144.<

*''Japanese/Chinese'': 禅 ''(zen / chán)'', 禅宗 ''(zen shuu / chánzōng)'' ...enters with shoes on, and are often furnished with chairs, in contrast to Japanese temples of other sects, where one typically removes one's shoes before step

...e estimates 99%) claim to practice both. In the following explanation, the Japanese terms are used rather than the original Indian/Sanskrit except where noted. ...for not having wicked thoughts, allowing wicked thoughts, or using wicked language. The last two points are used to discipline the mind. Following the Four No

*''Japanese'': 沖縄県 ''(Okinawa ken)'' ...ton University Press (1984), co-edited with Ramon Myers, and describes the Japanese efforts in Taiwan as "experiments," based on no prior experience in colonia

*''Japanese/Chinese'': 冊封使 ''(sappoushi / cèfēngshǐ)'' ...ived in ships called ''ukwanshin'' (御冠船, lit. "Crown Ships") in [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]]. These ships were often private merchant junks commandeered by t

...Eight Shrines]]. Members of the court then prepared for a ritual known (in Japanese pronunciation) as ''Gokaiin ukishiki'' (御開御規式); officials of vari ...Ryukyuan Court Music, Uzagaku: Classification and Performance Techniques, Language Usage, and Transmission," PhD thesis, University of Sheffield (2018), 72.</

*''Japanese'': 天皇 ''(tennô)'' ...C Press (1998), 180.</ref> Prior to that time, on a number of occasions in Japanese history, a widow or daughter succeeded to the throne.

...ginning in [[1625]], many family names which seemed too similar to regular Japanese usage of name-characters were ordered changed, resulting in the distinctive ...Fukuji ''peechin'' Bai Ien's family were formally entered into the modern Japanese ''[[koseki]]'' system of family registers as the Fukuji family.

...011), 222-223.</ref> including some six hundred warriors, and four hundred Japanese Christians,<ref name=pol23>Polenghi, 23-24.</ref> while the city of Ayuttha ...the office was headed by a resident Chinese official, and employed Chinese language in much of its activities, Ming diplomatic protocols being standard through

*''Japanese'': 吉原 ''(Yoshiwara)'' ...ivity unique to the district, including courtesan processions and affected language (''arinsu kotoba''), the few thousand people who lived in the district were

*''Japanese'': 琉球王国 ''(Ryuukyuu-ou-koku)'' ...s. Though the Chinese character for "king" (王) is used in both Chinese and Japanese sources of the period, it is perhaps most accurate to not consider these ru

*''Japanese/Chinese/Korean'': [[倭]]寇 ''(wakou / wōkòu / waegu)'' ...jor centers of ''wakô'' activity, and Japanese came to be used as a common language among the ''wakô''. However, while many ''wakô'' groups enjoyed some kind

*''Japanese/Okinawan'': 那覇 ''(Naha / Naafa)'' ...lts by [[Fang Guozhen]]<!--方國珍--> and [[Zhang Shicheng]]<!--張士誠-->, caused Japanese merchants to take a different route to China, passing through the Ryukyus a

*''Korean/Japanese'': 朝鮮 ''(Joseon, Chosŏn / Chousen)'' It was the last dynasty to rule Korea before [[Colonial Korea|Japanese colonization]] at the beginning of the 20th century, and was characterized

*''Japanese'': 明治時代 ''(Meiji jidai)'' ...of samurai privileges, and their successful suppression by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] was an important step in the cementing of the new government's autho

...rks a stark contrast with earlier periods of Chinese history, and with the Japanese system, in which official positions were, indeed, to a large extent determi ...enter the schools with a certain degree of competency already in classical language and classical texts; though the system was open to anyone in theory, regard

*''Japanese'': 薩摩藩 ''(Satsuma han)'' or, more correctly, 鹿児島藩 ''(Kagoshim ...chants to visit their shores and engage in trade; the domain hired Chinese language interpreters to speak with these merchants, who arrived sporadically, in or

...used at the time, in the Edo period, while ''tsûshinshi'' was used by the Japanese more commonly in the Muromachi period. See: Lillehoj. p107n3.</ref> *''Japanese/Korean'': （朝鮮）通信使 ''((Chousen) tsuushinshi / (Joseon) t'ongsi

*''Chinese/Japanese'': 明 ''(Míng / Min)'' ...found responsibility to set the weights & measures, the musical tones, and language in order, all of which were simply metaphors or microcosms of the greater I

*''Japanese/Okinawan:''首里城''(Shuri-jou / Sui gusuku)'' ...ave uncovered foundation stones and the remains of grey, 14th-15th century Japanese-style roof tiles, suggesting that some structure of note did once exist on