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...to be exported in place of [[silver]], thus stemming the grievous outflow of silver during the 17th-18th centuries which deeply worried shogunate adviso ...ontrast to the love of fresh raw [[abalone]] which developed at that time, sea cucumber was preferred dried.

...portion of the [[Sea of Japan]], covering roughly the areas off the coast of [[Fukuoka prefecture]] ([[Chikuzen province]]) out to [[Tsushima]]. A branch of the warm [[Kuroshio current]] coming up from the south meets the cold [[Oya

...ast of Japan. While extremely beneficial for the climate of large sections of the Japanese archipelago, over the centuries the Kuroshio also carried coun ...the two island groups.<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 17.</ref>

...boiled, or prepared otherwise. ''Kombu'' became a common/standard element of the cuisine in many areas in the late 18th or early 19th centuries. ...products for bullion in its regional trade, halting the grievous outflows of [[silver]] which had so concerned the shogunate up until that time. ''Kombu

...cessories. Though typically called "tortoise shell," it usually comes from sea turtles, and not tortoises. ...ere known as ''tsume'' (爪, lit. "claws") in Japanese; those from the sides of the turtle, near the flippers, are known as ''basa tsume'', and those from

...] ([[Hokkaido|Hokkaidô]]), in the [[Edo period]], including [[abalone]], [[sea cucumber]] (''iriko''), [[kombu]], shark fin, and the like. *Arne Kalland, ''Fishing Villages in Tokugawa Japan'', University of Hawaii Press (1995), 167.

...a Japan: The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan''. University of Tokyo Press, 1990. pp97-123.</ref> ...the Hometown: A History of Community Survival in Modern Japan, University of Hawaii Press (2012), 25.</ref>

...times, they received seed money, aid with transportation costs, or the use of official ships from the domain government. ...n]], and Matsumae ([[Ezo]]) products such as [[abalone]], [[kombu]], and [[sea cucumber]] back down south.

* [[Shiba clan|Shiba]]/[[Imagawa clan|Imagawa]]<ref>Grossberg, Kenneth. ''Japan's Renaissance'' Cornell University, NY, 2001</ref> ...nd may have originated from its position in antiquity as the outer reaches of the Yamato polity (Hara 1986). In 642, an imperial edict conscripting work

...in homes and other collections throughout Japan, anywhere that ''fusuma'' of sufficient age have been preserved. ...ntentionally preserved by the family "directly substantiated the existence of these ships"<ref>Amino, 27.</ref> in the Tokikuni merchant fleet.

...the region to increase by a factor of seven. Roughly 22% of the population of [[Fukuoka han]], or 70,000 people, died due to the famine; among certain cl *Arne Kalland, ''Fishing Villages in Tokugawa Japan'', University of Hawaii Press (1995), 54-55.

...of the southernmost of the [[Tokara Islands]] and is administered as part of Toshima village. ...sea level, and the eastern one about 495 meters. The soil is made chiefly of pyroxene andesite.

...le is known about him, and even his name is unclear, appearing in a number of secondary sources under the surname Kii, and/or the given name Kyûemon. ...clear just when he stepped down as head of the ''Nihonmachi'', returned to Japan, and/or died.

...k [[Gyoki|Gyôki]], and the harbors were chosen so as to be roughly one day of travel apart from one another. *[[Kawajiri]] (at the mouth of the [[Yodo River]], today part of [[Amagasaki]] City)

''Kôshitsu'' and ''Kôshitsu wakumon'' (皇室或問) are a pair of works composed by [[Neo-Confucianism|Confucian]] scholar and shogunal advis ...r conquered), Hakuseki suggests that many of the founding myths of ancient Japan can be interpreted as notable individuals, clans, or armies traveling from

...e Yi Bang-eon's writing, that the view from Fukuzen-ji is "the greatest in Japan."]] ...so famous in Korea. A plaque hanging over the window today, bearing a copy of his inscription, was produced by [[Kan Chazan]] in [[1812]].

...ictional story of travel to exotic parts of the world, and a discussion of sea creatures. ...seibatsu ki]]'' (an account of the [[1609]] [[Invasion of Ryukyu|Invasion of Ryûkyû]])

...suke/47588044022/sizes/k/]</ref> such as ''Haedong'' ("[[Sea of Japan|East Sea]]"), ''Samhan'' ("[[Three Kingdoms (Korea)|Three Kingdoms]]"), and ''Donggu ...of [[Goryeo]], and do not seem to have circulated widely to/in other parts of the peninsula.

Yamamoto Otokichi was one of three Japanese castaways, along with two men named Kyukichi and Iwakichi, w ...the American ship ''Morrison'', a ship out of [[Macao]] carrying a number of American missionaries who were hoping to show goodwill by returning the cas

...rief/><ref>The land area of the three main islands which formed the extent of the realm throughout its pre-modern history, i.e. excluding Hokkaidô and t ...not erupted since [[1708]]. The islands are also one of the chief centers of earthquake activity in the world.

...ce for understanding [[Joseon Dynasty]] Korean views and attitudes towards Japan and Ryûkyû.<ref>Kang, 74.</ref> The volume includes one of the earliest extant maps of Ryûkyû included in any work.<ref>"Ryûkyû-koku-zu and

...cities vie for the position of largest city because, due to a technicality of political designations, [[Tokyo]] is a "metropolitan [[prefectures|prefectu ...[Luke Roberts]], ''Mercantilism in a Japanese Domain: The Merchant Origins of Economic Nationalism in 18th-Century Tosa'', Cambridge University Press (19

...e site of the first introduction of European-style [[teppo|firearms]] into Japan in [[1543]]. ...unkan (1987), 51.</ref> The island was officially added into the territory of [[Osumi province|Ôsumi province]] in [[624]].<ref name=tatsugo>Gallery lab

[[File:Kure-skyline.jpg|right|thumb|400px|View of the Kure Naval Facilities]] ...as constructed. Today, much of the former naval facilities are used by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Forces (''kaijô jieitai'').

...Sea of Japan]] (Jôetsu) region. It followed the [[Chikuma River]] for much of the highway's length, running chiefly through [[Shinano province]]. ...a quarter mile east of the historic Hokkoku Kaidô, allowing many sections of historic buildings and streets to be preserved.

==Timeline of 1415== ==Other Events of 1415==

...e]] and [[Awa province (Shikoku)|Awa province]] in Shikoku. Now it is part of Hyôgo Prefecture. ...: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697'', Japan Society of London (1896), 13n1.</ref>

...ourt]] in the [[Nara period|Nara]] and [[Heian period]]s, and a major form of tax payments to the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in the [[Edo period]], especiall ...he sea seems to have dropped off dramatically shortly before the beginning of the [[Yayoi period]], however.<ref>Tatsuo Kobayashi, “Nurturing the Jomon

Peddlers were an important, but often overlooked, element of the premodern commercial landscape. ...ht, but bought it on credit, promising to pay back the seller/producer out of revenues.

...hey may have been intentionally buried in such locations as a ritual means of encouraging agricultural production.<ref>"Two bronze bells (dôtaku)," gall ...cavated in Izumo are believed to have been produced there, many show signs of having been produced in [[Kawachi province]] ([[Osaka]]).<ref>Gallery label

The Treaty of Shimonoseki, signed April 17, [[1895]], marked the end of the [[Sino-Japanese War]]. ...of Japan's total GNP at the time, and far more than making up for the cost of the war to the Japanese government, expenses totalling around 200,476,000 y

[[File:Fukuzenji-daiichi.jpg|right|thumb|400px|The view of [[Sensuijima]] from the Taichôrô]] ...Taichôrô guest room, which hosted [[Korean embassies to Edo]] on a number of occasions.

...mall islands, including [[Okinoshima]] and [[Oronoshima]], in the [[Genkai Sea]], between Kyushu and [[Tsushima]]. [[Hakata]] and [[Fukuoka]] were the mos ...ting.<ref>Arne Kalland, ''Fishing Villages in Tokugawa Japan'', University of Hawaii Press (1995), 15.</ref>

...dfather, [[Ashikaga Yoshimitsu]], in the corresponding northwestern corner of the city. ...signed in the ''[[shoin zukuri]]'' style. The second story houses a statue of the [[bodhisattva]] [[Kannon]], features more Zen architectural elements in

==Timeline of 1764== *1764/1/20 (Korean calendar) After sailing through the [[Inland Sea]], the [[Korean embassies to Edo|Korean embassy to Edo]] arrives at Osaka.

...[[Toshodai-ji|Tôshôdai-ji]], and performed the first Buddhist ordinations of Japanese monks. ...] Exhibition. Nara National Museum. April through June 2010.</ref> Records of this incident refer to the island as ''Akonaha'' or ''Akonawa'', and are co

...ommemorative or memorial plaque for Jan Joosten, in the Yaesu neighborhood of Tokyo]] ...t Dutchmen (and the first Englishman, [[William Adams]]) to ever travel to Japan.

* ''Titles: Governor of [[Hitachi|Hitachi province]] (c. [[719]]-[[723]])'' * ''Distinction: third son of [[Fujiwara no Fuhito]]''

...ure|Hyôgo prefecture]]. During the [[Edo period]], in addition to a volume of typical traffic, Murotsu also regularly provided lodgings for shogunate off ....BA.8B.E5.85.B8 Gotomari]," Britannica kokusai daihyakka jiten, Britannica Japan, 2014.; "[https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BA%94%E6%B3%8A-65593#E3.83.96.E3.83.

...sculpture which was the first to be designated a [[National Treasure]] in Japan]] ...ha]] in the future, Miroku is among the more prominent Buddhist deities in Japan.

...possibly the first to introduce [[Song Dynasty]] [[Neo-Confucianism]] into Japan. ...of Confucianism, this marked the first introduction of such materials into Japan, though other accounts differ. The following year, Enni and Xie organized t

...ation]] along the [[Tokaido|Tôkaidô]].<ref>Gallery labels, National Museum of Korea.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/41550129501/in/photostream/ ...Korean Embassies in the Eighteenth Century," PhD dissertation, University of Toronto (2008), 161.</ref>

...20px|A model of a Spanish galleon on display at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles]] ...ng Spanish silver (in the form of [[Mexican silver dollars]]) to China and Japan.

Tenpi, also known as Mazu, is a [[Daoist]] goddess of the sea, most often prayed to for safe voyages. Tenpi worship is particularly popul ...ina, Taiwan, Ryûkyû, and elsewhere associate her with being an incarnation of the [[bodhisattva]] [[Kannon]], and in Ryûkyû she is sometimes known as B

...ne shrine (''ichi-no-miya'') in [[Settsu province]], and remains today one of the most significant [[Shinto shrines|shrines]] in [[Shinto]]. ...ago]]'', in which the two are represented as an elderly couple. The spirit of [[Empress Jingu|Empress Jingû]] is enshrined at Sumiyoshi as well.

...Islands in the [[Inland Sea]], located roughly halfway between the cities of [[Kure]] (in [[Hiroshima han]]) and [[Imabari]] (in [[Iyo province]], on [[ [[File:Mitarai.jpg|center|thumb|1000px|The port of Mitarai in [[1904]]]]

...sula, in the [[East China Sea]]. They consist chiefly of the three islands of Kami-Koshiki, Naka-Koshiki, and Shimo-Koshiki. ...ials known as ''bangashira'', recruited or appointed from among the people of the island.<ref>Ono Masako, Tomita Chinatsu, Kanna Keiko, Taguchi Megumi, "

...icant port town on the [[Sea of Japan]] coast. It is situated at the mouth of the [[Shinano River]], and faces [[Sado Island]] (''Sado-ga-shima'') across ..., and festivals, and emerged as a major site, famous throughout the realm, of [[prostitution]].

...y of the waves, for many months, until only the captain, a man by the name of Jûkichi, and two crewmen, remained. ...of the slaughter of cattle; meat was only eaten very rarely in pre-modern Japan, and animals were thus not raised or slaughtered for such purposes.

...], marked the beginning of official diplomatic relations between the Court of King James and the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]. ...ascar, Yemen, India, and Java, the ''Clove'' arrived in Japan, at the port of [[Hirado]], on June 11, 1613.

''Sekibune'' were a type of oared warship used extensively in the [[Sengoku period|Sengoku]] and [[Edo In the [[Edo period]], the shogun, as well as a number of ''daimyô'', possessed luxury ''sekibune'' which had been refitted to serve

...establish himself at Toyohara castle, but who rebelled at the difficulties of constructing a ''yamashiro'' (mountain castle). ...eyasu]], lord of [[Kitanosho castle|Kitanoshô castle]], became the keepers of Maruoka.

...ends its name today to the surrounding [[prefectures of Japan|prefecture]] of [[Hyogo prefecture|Hyôgo]]. The port-city was renamed [[Kobe]] in the mode One of the [[five harbors]] (''go-tomari'' or ''go-haku'') built by [[Gyoki|Gyôki

...awa clan]]s, in the Chinese port of [[Ningbo]] in [[1523]], over dominance of maritime trade with China. ...he East Asian maritime world, 1400-1800: Its fabrics of power and dynamics of exchanges''. Harrassowitz Verlag, 2007. p23.</ref>

...there is no evidence in the documents of Bunhitsu being ill for any length of time, so it appears he may have died fairly suddenly.<ref>Miyagi Eishô 宮 ...Bunhitsu's grave. One reads, in large characters, 「海清」and「龍飛」 ("pure/clear sea" and "dragon flying"), while the other pair features lengthier poetry, read

...rights activists and those who claim the hunting & consumption of the meat of whales (and other cetaceans) is a traditional practice, has led to heated p ...nd Europeans, whose whaling ships played a significant role in the history of the Pacific, including in encounters with the Japanese.

...rchangeably with [[Wa]]. Both terms refer to the Japanese state; the term "Japan" itself is avoided as the extent to which the term should be applied to any ...[Hakata]] (Fukuoka), following the Korean coast before crossing the Yellow Sea and arriving in Shangdong. At this time, the Yamato state refused to submit

Kawasaki Shôzô was the founder of Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation, which later developed into Kawasaki Heav ...n the port's commerce. He then opened his own shop in [[Osaka]] at the age of 27, but faced difficulties as, on several occasions, ships transporting his

...hisada.jpg|thumb|left|Nitta Yoshisada prepares to throw his sword into the sea as an offering so that the gods will roll back the tide and let his army pa ...s appointed by Go-Daigo Governor of [[Echigo province]], and Vice-Governor of [[Kozuke Province|Kozuke]] and [[Harima province|Harima provinces]]. When [

...the [[Gempei War]] ([[1180]]-85) and resulted in the complete destruction of the [[Taira clan|Taira]] leadership. ...-nurse [[Suke no Tsubone]] committed suicide by drowning, followed by most of the Taira samurai - save their leader, Munemori, who was captured and later

..., and a licensed foreign ship the other half. In theory, a merchant's half of the form would have to line up properly with the port officials' half in or

[[File:John Manjiro Grave.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The graves of Nakahama Manjirô and his relatives, at Zôshigaya Cemetery in Tokyo]] ...njirô is among the most famous of 19th century Japanese castaways, and one of the first Japanese to ever travel to the United States.

...of Niigata into a key site of national coastal defense along the [[Sea of Japan]] coast. ...ration of a city which [[Nagaoka han]] had previously managed with a staff of under twenty.

''Jôi'' literally means "Expel the Barbarians", and was usually used as part of "[[Sonno|Sonnô]] Jôi" ("Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians") as a p ...ffected this violently and harshly, and not through the more ideal methods of benevolent rule. Still, Confucius writes, if not for Guan Zhong, "we might

Phra Phetracha was king of the Siamese kingdom of [[Ayutthaya]] from [[1688]] to [[1703]]. He came to power in 1688 amidst a great moment of crisis and conflict within Ayutthaya. His predecessor, King [[Narai]], had

...wn for his arguments for broad-ranging reassessments of our understandings of, and approaches to, Japanese history. ...tead, he suggests that a great many rural people were engaged in a variety of trades - including fishing and other maritime activities, artisanal or craf

==Timeline of 1904== ...zô]] departs [[Kobe]] for [[Manila]], to prepare to oversee the settlement of the first Okinawan emigrants to the Philippines.

[[Image:Gyoki.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Statue of Gyôki at Kintetsu Nara Station.]] ...i-ji]]. After his death, he was posthumously named a bodhisattva; a statue of Gyôki stands outside Kintetsu [[Nara]] Station.

...ine]] in [[Nagoya]], famous as the site where [[Kusanagi no tsurugi]], one of the [[Imperial Regalia]], is kept. Atsuta is dedicated to numerous ''[[kami ...hrine in [[686]]. It is said to have been lost in [[1185]] at the [[Battle of Dan-no-Ura]], and either retrieved, or replaced with a replica. Only a very

...lected for its iridescent shell, which is used to make decorative [[mother-of-pearl]] inlay on [[lacquerwares]]. ...Nov 2021.</ref> Within the Amamis, this trade helped fuel the acquisition of equipment and raw materials for producing [[iron]] tools and other goods.

...ternational war fought by the Meiji state. Like the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of ten years later, it was fought chiefly in Korea, and over which countries w ...eement ending the war is similarly often cited as marking the beginning of Japan's imperialist/colonialist Empire.

...n'', literally "maritime restrictions" or "sea prohibitions," was a system of maritime trade proscriptions put into place during the [[Ming Dynasty]], an ...he Ryukyu Kingdom and Ming China (1372-1526).” Thesis, National University of Singapore, 2010, 59. http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/20602.</ref

...ne]].<ref>Arne Kalland, ''Fishing Villages in Tokugawa Japan'', University of Hawaii Press (1995), 166.</ref> ...ial channels, with the shogunate mandating quotas for each domain's export of these goods, which would be purchased by the shogunate at a low fixed price

...igenous groups. Several of the Kurils are today disputed territory between Japan and Russia. ...of influence, or claim, of the [[Matsumae clan]] of [[Ezo]] (Hokkaidô) or of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] directly, the Kurils were never directly adminis

...Chinese immigrant to [[Japan]], or someone from further afield who came to Japan via China or Korea (see [[Hata clan]]). ...his appearance in the dream as a result of his destiny being connected to Japan's.

''Iroha-maru'' refers to two different ships built in [[Bakumatsu]] era Japan. ...Satsuma shipyard at Setomura on [[Sakurajima]].<ref>Plaques at former site of Iso shipyard, Kagoshima.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/152173971

...to Benzaiten are also located on tiny islands in manmade ponds. She is one of the [[Seven Lucky Gods]]. ...ith a local serpent [[kami|deity]], Ugajin. According to the founding myth of Enoshima Shrine, a dragon menaced the local population until one day an isl

...]]). It was governed by the [[Kyogoku clan|Kyôgoku clan]] at the beginning of the [[Edo Period]], and by the [[Sakai clan]] from [[1634]] on. ...f Japan]] coast, and played a significant role in the economic development of the early Edo period.

...[[Colonial Korea|Korea]], which became a Japanese protectorate as a result of this war. ...ase in the Far East to supplement [[Vladivostok]]. For Japan it was a case of adding insult to injury.

...noue Shrine, located high above the waves looking out over the South China Sea.]] ...]], the primary shrine (一の宮, ''[[ichinomiya]]'') in the prefecture and one of the [[Ryukyu Eight Shrines|Ryûkyû Eight Shrines]]. It sits atop a high bl

...n embassies to Edo]] in the 17th-19th century, and in diaries and journals of Western travelers such as [[Carl Peter Thunberg]] in the 1770s, and [[Rober ...small portion of the Murotsu Peninsula, which juts out from the "mainland" of Honshû. It faces the Suô Channel to the west, and the Iyo Channel to the

...un Park, "Small States and the Search for Sovereignty in Sinocentric Asia: Japan and Korea in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Anthony Reid & Zheng Yangwen ...chus.<ref>Ji-Young Lee, “Diplomatic Ritual as a Power Resource," ''Journal of East Asian Studies'' 13 (2013), 325.</ref>

...many claims to fame is a [[banyan]] tree said to be the largest in all of Japan.<ref name=amaminosato>Gallery labels, Amami no Sato, Amami Park.</ref> ...ashion to spread islands out to the north, and then to the south. A number of legends, songs, and the like from [[Okinawa Island]] and elsewhere suggest

...Island|Okinawa]], about 100 km west of [[Naha]], and facing the East China Sea. ...e building a fortress at Aona-misaki, of the excellent defensive qualities of this hill, and Madafutsu ''anji'' then built his fortress here instead.

==Timeline of 1851== *1851/2/2 [[Shimazu Narioki]] steps down as lord of [[Satsuma han]], and is succeeded by [[Shimazu Nariakira]].

...med prayers or rituals.<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 128-129.</ref> ...tection. One such site is [[Kuba nu utaki]], also known as Kubô utaki, one of the most sacred spaces on the island and closed entirely today to outsiders

...official who traveled to the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] on a number of occasions in the 1640s-1660s, initially seeking to convince the kingdom to ...ear loyalty to the Qing, but the Ryukyuan court delayed, through a variety of excuses and techniques. Finally, however, in [[1653]], they agreed to send

...for a scene are changed out, in various dramatic ways, sometimes a number of them in sequence, for dramatic effect or purely as spectacle. The term literally means simply the ''gaeshi'' (changing, or exchange) of ''dôgu'', a term which in general usage means "tools," but which in the th

...s like these, each about the size of a bowling ball, were packed in crates of forty or so for shipment to China.]] ...h contributed, in turn, dramatically, to the decline and eventual collapse of the dynasty.

...cing an account of his journeys, ''[[Voyage of discovery to the west coast of Corea and the great Loo-Choo Island]]'', which remains a prominent and oft- ...[1812]], he was assigned to the East Indies, and in 1816 was named captain of the [[HMS Alceste and Lyra|HMS ''Lyra'']], which accompanied the HMS ''Alce

Shiga Shigetaka was a prominent thinker, geographer, and politician of the [[Meiji period|Meiji]] and Taishô periods. ...active in similar groups, including Dôshikai and Chûô-seisha, and a number of different political parties.

== Timeline of 1867 == ...the ''Iroha-maru'' sinks off Ujishima, near [[Tomonoura]], in the [[Inland Sea]].

==Timeline of 1850== ...(lord of [[Mito han]]), is adopted into the [[Ikeda clan]] to become lord of [[Tottori han]].

...ecame one of the chief sources of knowledge about Ryûkyû in [[Edo period]] Japan. It may be the first text to employ the term "Okinawa" (沖縄). ...ords of the Three Kingdoms|Record of Wu]]<!--呉史 or 呉志 or 呉書-->, the [[Book of Tang]]<!--唐書-->, the ''[[Shoku Nihongi]]'', ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'', ''[[En

[[File:Tsurumaru.JPG|right|thumb|320px|The former site of the main gates to Tsurumaru castle, with the [[Reimeikan]] visible in the b ...ma, facing out towards the [[jokamachi|castle town]], beyond which lay the sea.

...o-daigokuden.jpg|right|thumb|350px|The main audience hall (''daigokuden'') of the [[Heijo Imperial Palace|Heijô Imperial Palace]] (reconstructed 2010)]] The Nara period takes its name from the site of [[Heijo-kyo|Heijô-kyô]] in present day [[Nara]], which served as the impe

...dition of the ''Chûzan denshin roku'', on display at the [[National Museum of Japanese History]].]] ...1719]]. The volume was republished numerous times in Japan, and became one of the most widely read, and widely regarded, sources on the Ryûkyû Kingdom;

...<!--伊勢国久居藩-->. He had one older sister and four older brothers, the eldest of whom, Kanenosuke, died young; the second son, Yasukage, thus became the hei ...n studying under a Confucian scholar in service to the domain, by the name of [[Sano Yuzan|Sano Yûzan]]<!--佐野酉山-->. Nankei's father died on [[17

...Kentosen.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Reproduction ''kentôsen'' ship, at the site of the [[Heijo Imperial Palace|Heijô Imperial Palace]].]] ...rchangeably with [[Wa]]. Both terms refer to the Japanese state; the term "Japan" itself is avoided as the extent to which the term should be applied to any

[[Image:Murakami2_mon.jpg|left|thumb|The ''[[kamon]]'' of the Murakami.]] ...ower and thus were key in establishing the Môri's domination of the Inland Sea, which lasted from around 1555-1576.

[[File:Jakarta-history-museum.jpg|right|thumb|400px|An old city hall of Batavia, today home to the Jakarta History Museum]] [[File:Kota-tua.jpg|right|thumb|400px|The main square of old Batavia, now known as Kota Tua ("Old Town").]]

[[File:Kalakaua.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Statue of King Kalākaua in Waikiki]] ...9]]-[[1611]].</ref> Kalākaua's meeting with the [[Meiji Emperor]] in March of that year set the stage for [[Japanese immigration to Hawaii]].

*''Operated in Japan: [[1613]]-[[1623]]'' ...riod]], the British presence in early modern Japan was limited to a period of only ten years, from [[1613]] to [[1623]].

...|thumb|320px|Extant section of walls constructed at [[Hakata Bay]] as part of defenses against the Mongols.]] ...tion of samurai forces from much of the archipelago, representing a degree of early national identity, unity, and organization. These continue today to b

...; in 1920, Japan was then granted the islands as a "mandate" by the League of Nations in 1920. ...arianas, Carolines, and Marshall Islands, with the exception of the island of Guam, which was controlled by the United States since [[1898]].

...nland China by around [[1660]], but [[Taiwan]] remained a significant base of loyalist resistance until [[1683]]. ...t 5th International Conference on Okinawan Studies, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, September 2006.</ref>

==Timeline of 1860== *1860/6/7 The [[Tokugawa shogunate]] concludes a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with [[Portugal]].

*''[[Kokudaka]]: N/A''<ref>In [[1855]], the shogunate granted Matsumae a rank of 30,000 ''koku''. Ishin Shiryô Kôyô 維新史料綱要, vol 2 (1937), 148 ...994), pp69-93. Though this is oft-cited, following the opening of the port of [[Hakodate]] to foreign ships in [[1854]]-[[1855]], the shogunate explicitl

...hihiko, Alan Christy (trans.), ''Rethinking Japanese History'', University of Michigan (2012), 49.</ref> ...tle over time, often by improvements to get around natural barriars. Most of the highways below are still in use and are commonly called by their old na

[[File:Urasoe-gusuku.JPG|right|thumb|400px|A section of the walls of the castle]] ...he island into the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]], and the moving of the capital to [[Shuri castle|Shuri]].

*''Titles: King of [[Chuzan|Chûzan]] (c. 1355-1395)'' ...which would continue for roughly five hundred years, almost until the fall of the [[Qing Dynasty]].

...umb|200px|A Middle Jômon ceramic vessel, c. 3000-2500 BCE. [[Freer Gallery of Art]].]] ...d in the Japanese islands may have seen the earliest invention (discovery) of [[pottery]] (ceramics) technology in the world.

''Anji'', also known as ''aji'', were a class of landed local lords in the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]]. They were th ...om Japan or elsewhere).<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019).</ref>

...m. The Taira were defeated by the Minamoto, however, in the [[Genpei War]] of [[1180]]-[[1185]], and all but destroyed. The Taira would never achieve pro ...Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 74:2 (2014), 269.</ref>

...f Korea and into China, at a time when considerable amounts of silver from Japan, Bolivia, and around the world were likewise being drained into Chinese cof ...nter solstice, and being named as being sent in celebration of one or more of the three occasions previously standard.

[[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] commanded two unsuccessful invasions of Korea, one in [[1592]]-[[1593]], and one in [[1597]]-[[1598]]. ...the role they played in bringing Korean ceramic technologies and styles to Japan.<ref name=shoko>Gallery labels, [[Shokoshuseikan|Shôkoshûseikan]], Kagosh

[[Image:Kumamoto1.jpg|right|frame|Photograph of Kumamoto castle.]] ...[[Sassa Narimasa]] in [[1587]]. Before that, it had been the headquarters of families such as the [[Izuta clan|Izuta]], [[Kanokogi clan|Kanokogi]], and

==Timeline of 1609== ...confiscates a number of large ships from [[daimyo]] in the western regions of the archipelago.

[[File:Kodakara-yu.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Interior of Kodakara-yu, a bathhouse at the [[Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum]] ...geothermally or artificially heated water remain strongly associated with Japan today.

[[File:Anjincho.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Stone marker at the former site of Adams' [[Edo]] mansion]] ...igator who settled in Japan. He is now famous as the prototype of the hero of James Clavell's quasi-historical novel [[James Clavell's Shogun|''Shogun'']

Hokkaidô is the northernmost of the four main islands of the [[Japanese archipelago]] and the northernmost [[prefecture]] in the cou ...ntury. When discussed in contrast to the Ainu and other indigenous peoples of Hokkaidô and surrounding areas, ethnic Japanese are known as Wajin 和人.

...anese perspective, in which Nagasaki is a lone exception to an archipelago of ports closed to foreign trade.<ref>[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokuga ...i. "The Formation of a Japanocentric World Order." ''International Journal of Asian Studies'' 2:2 (2005), 194.</ref>

...right|thumb|500px|An 18th century Imperial festival robe in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum]] ...ceremonial way by the kings and aristocracy of Ryûkyû and Korea; the king of Ryûkyû only ever wore the robes when receiving Chinese ambassadors, howev

Makishi Chôchû ''[[Pechin]]'' was a [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryukyuan]] scholar-bureaucrat who headed the kingdom's diplomatic ex ...other activities, he came to converse on numerous occasions with the head of the nearby Russian Orthodox Church, a man named Avvakum; he may have also i

...oku-utaki.JPG|right|thumb|320px|One of many small ''utaki'' on the grounds of [[Gokoku Shrine]], in [[Naha]]'s Onoyama Park.]] ...riestesses there similarly were aimed primarily at ensuring the well-being of the local community.

[[File:Fukuzenji-daiichi.jpg|right|thumb|400px|The view of [[Sensuijima]] from the Taichôro at [[Fukuzen-ji]]]] ...The concept of ‘cultural landscapes’ in relation to the historic port town of Tomo,” in Matsuda, Akira and Mengoni, Luisa Elena (eds.) ''Reconsidering

...e first of the famous voyages of Admiral [[Zheng He]], and the last change of capital in the Imperial period. ...ianwen may have been a secondary or ulterior motive for Yongle's launching of [[Zheng He]]'s famous voyages across the entire Indian Ocean region.

...dence from, the [[Trinh lords]] who ruled [[Tonkin]] (the northern regions of the country). Though the Nguyen separated from the Trinh in [[1600]], war d ...n ships, but returned in [[1599]]. In the meantime, [[Nguyen Hoang]], lord of Quang Nam, communicated with [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] in [[1591]], and with [

Hoi An, located a short distance outside of Da Nang, was a major central [[Vietnam]]ese port in the early modern period ...ys into Vietnamese Pasts''. Cornell University (1995), 162.</ref> that was of particular prominence and influence in regional trade.

[[File:Ondo-kiyomori.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Statue of Kiyomori at Ondo, [[Kure]] City, [[Hiroshima prefecture]]]] ...ather, that of his clan, is the chief theme of the great epic ''[[The Tale of the Heike]]'' (''Heike monogatari'').

* ''Distinction: Lord of [[Aki province|Aki]], [[Suo province|Suo]], [[Izumo province|Izumo]], and [ ...the Môri navy near the site of the earlier battle. In this [[Second Battle of Kizugawaguchi]] Kûki Yoshitaka avenged himself, and drove the Môri away.

...do-river.jpg|right|thumb|400px|The Yodo River as seen from the former site of [[Yodo castle]], in Kyoto's Fushimi Ward]] ...ushimi) and Osaka; via Osaka Bay, it thus connected Kyoto to the remainder of the archipelago, and beyond.

...Sea: Pirates, Violence, and Commerce in Late Medieval Japan'', University of Michigan Press (2005).</ref> ...- were a chief ''cause'' of, rather than a response to, the proliferation of smugglers, who then became brigands or pirates.

* ''Distinction: prince Korean kingdom of Silla * ''Name meaning: Spear of the Heavenly Sun (Aston's translation), Prince of the Shining Spear (Aoki's translation)''

...n work was ''Tôno monogatari'', a collection of folktales from the village of Tôno in [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]]. ...him an appreciation for traditional Japanese faith and values in the face of what he called "foreign ways" and "newfangled affectations".<ref>Mori, 87.<

...e end of the period. The Nagasaki ''bugyô'' enjoyed the same rank or level of prestige as the [[Osaka jodai|Osaka jôdai]] and [[Kyoto shoshidai]], who h ...d martial pageantry in Tokugawa Japan, 1600 - 1868," MA Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (2013), 49.</ref>

...-daibutsu.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The [[Kamakura Daibutsu]], a bronze statue of [[Amida]]]] ...iding a guide for how to reconcile Buddhist belief and practice with those of Confucianism and Taoism. Buddhism began to spread in earnest in China in th

*''Territory: Parts of [[Dewa province]]'' ...[koku]]'', which later fell to 150,000-180,000. Though not controlling all of a single province, the Uesugi's holdings were considered significant enough

...right|thumb|320px|An example of Ryukyuan red lacquer platters, with mother-of-pearl inlay dragon design.]] ...heavily influenced by the styles and techniques employed in China, Korea, Japan, and elsewhere, Ryukyuan lacquerware followed its own unique historical tra

...tsuma in [[1609]], and subjugated to Satsuma's suzerainty, marking the end of its active military exploits. ...e]], working in five-day rotations. When the king left the castle, a group of 300 mounted warriors accompanied him.

...huen|Fukushûen]] (Fuzhou Gardens) in [[Naha]], [[Okinawa]], a reproduction of a famous garden in Fuzhou]] ...distance from [[Taipei]] and from [[Okinawa]], Fuzhou was the chief center of [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyuan]] activity in China, and the chief intermediary p

...]] (modern-day Shizuoka prefecture). This promotion increased the prestige of the Imagawa family (a warrior family dating from the [[Muromachi Period]], ...ensuring the eventual failure of the rebellion and the consequent success of the Shogunate.

...Traders in the Southeast Asian Age of Commerce, Ca. 1400–1750.” ''Journal of World History'' 21, no. 2 (2010): 221.</ref> ...from one another.<ref>Anthony Reid, "Early Southeast Asian categorizations of Europeans," in Stuart Schwartz (ed.), ''Implicit Understandngs: Observing,

[[Image:Ujimasa ujiteru.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Grave stones of Ujimasa, his wife, and [[Hojo Ujiteru|Ujiteru]] near Odawara station]] ...e not a great warrior, Ujimasa showed himself a capable administrator. One of his first acts was to improve relations up with the [[Takeda clan|Takeda]],

...[[Qing Dynasty]] of Chinese history, and growing into the Mongolian people of today. ...By that time, he also captured [[Beijing]], destroyed the [[Tangut]] state of [[Xi Xia]], and clashed with the [[Jurchen]] [[Jin Dynasty]].

...nds are a group of islands in [[Okinawa prefecture]] near the southern end of the [[Ryukyu Islands|Ryûkyû archipelago]]. ...[[Hateruma Island]], plus [[Yonaguni Island]] at the far southwestern end of the Ryûkyû Island chain.

...y following the re-figuration of Imperial tombs under the [[State Shinto]] of the [[Meiji period]]]] ...gs in the [[Meiji period]], and continue to be surrounded by constructions of [[State Shinto]] today.

[[File:Chosenjin-dai-gyoretsuki.JPG|right|thumb|400px|An image of a Korean procession from the [[1748]] ''Chôsenjin daigyôretsuki'', a book ...paralleled [[Ryukyuan embassies]] sent by the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]].

...al, and other officials on official business; merchants shipping all sorts of goods; and foreign embassies; as well as messengers and the like. ...e Vaporis, "Linking the Realm: The Gokaidô Highway Network in Early Modern Japan," in Susan Alcock et al (eds.) ''Highways, Byways, and Road Systems in the

[[File:Shinkosen.JPG|right|thumb|320px|Model of a Ryukyuan tribute ship (''shinkôsen'') at the Okinawa Prefectural Museum] ...he Emperor, ships were permitted to trade or barter a considerable portion of their cargo, or to have it bartered for them by the local Chinese port offi

* ''Japan (The Combined Fleet) Vs. [[Russia]] (Second and Third Pacific Squadrons)'' ..., three, or at the most four sallies, we shall have burnt all our supplies of coal, and have shed our blossoms before we have bloomed. We shall have to p

*''Territory: northernmost portions of [[Mutsu province]]'' ...の物産は米より他にこれなき。」, Ravina, 119.</ref> Even as late as [[1877]], the entirety of Mutsu province's exports were 80% rice.<ref>Ravina, 119.</ref>

...dern Japan." ''[[Monumenta Nipponica]]'' 56:2 (2001). p206. </ref> Outside of the Korea trade, and a small local wax industry, Tsushima could claim no sp ...grain produced on the island, while rice grown on Sô lands on the mainland of Kyushu fed another 7,000; the remaining 7,000 or so people relied upon rice

...ef>''Umimichi wo yuku: Edo jidai no Seto Naikai'' 海道をゆく－江戸時代の瀬戸内海－, Museum of Ehime History and Culture 愛媛県歴史文化博物館 (1999), 46. In som ...a lord's troops from his home domain to [[Edo]] as part of the fulfillment of that lord's feudal obligations to ''his'' lord (the shogun).

...-teppo.JPG|right|thumb|500px|An Edo period matchlock gun. Asian Art Museum of San Francisco.]] ...be introduced to Japan. Though some forms of gunpowder weapons existed in Japan earlier, having been introduced from China via Korea or the [[Ryukyu Island

...t outside powers, Nagasaki accepted these Siamese ships under the category of "Dutch ships," given their Western-style construction. ...: A Note on Mutual Images," in Donald Denoon et al (eds.), ''Multicultural Japan'', Cambridge University Press (1996), 153.</ref>

...yûkyû," while ''Ryûkyû rettô'' means "Ryûkyû archipelago" or "Ryûkyû chain of islands."</ref> ...roshio current]] which brings warm water from the south up to the Ryukyus, Japan, and Korea.

...t a local branch of [[Kasuga Shrine]] in [[Kagoshima]], at the former site of the docks from which the Satsuma fleet departed for [[Yamakawa]].]] ...+ 5000 sailors and laborers in 100 ships) vs. [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] (Forces unknown)

[[File:Katsuren.JPG|right|thumb|400px|The ruins of Katsuren castle as seen from the fourth enclosure, with a marker identifyin ...he castle, [[Amawari]], was defeated by the armies of the royal government of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]].

...e Gion Shôja temple bells echoes the impermanence of all things; the color of the sala flowers reveals the truth that to flourish is to fall. The proud d

...is]], "Lordly Pageantry: The Daimyo Procession and Political Authority." ''Japan Review'' 17 (2005). p11.</ref> domain was ruled by the [[Yamauchi clan]] fr ...ng with [[Satsuma han|Satsuma]] and [[Nagato han|Chôshû]]) from where many of the most prominent anti-bakufu ''[[shishi]]'' rebels, i.e. Imperial loyalis

...constituted its own independent country, known officially as the Republic of China. ...te dangerous, and typhoons presented a serious threat during certain times of year. Many areas were rendered relatively impassable by high mountains and

Hawaiʻi is home to the largest population of people of Okinawan descent in the diaspora. Okinawans are among the most culturally a ..., freeing Japanese and Okinawan plantation workers alike (along with those of Chinese, Korean, Filipino, and Hawaiian descent, among others) from their c

...York, exhibition in honor of the 400th anniversary of Hudson's "discovery" of New York & the Hudson River.]] ...se interacted, for the duration of the [[Edo period]] (until the 'opening' of the country in the [[Bakumatsu period|1850s]]).

...shares many of the features of social, economic, and political development of the same period in the West. ...and structures were put into place by Ieyasu's successors over the course of several decades.

...crises, at times. Systems which served as precursors for a "modern" system of banks and paper currency, along with futures markets and other such economi [[File:Wadokaichin.jpg|right|thumb|400px|An example of a ''wadô kaichin'' coin, on display at the British Museum]]

...om [[Okinawan immigration to Hawaii|Okinawa]]. Japanese quickly became one of the largest and most influential ethnic groups in the islands, remaining so ...efit too in the remittances emigrants might send back to their families in Japan, and in the agricultural experience, techniques, and technology they might

[[Image:Japan Kyushu Kagoshima.png|right|thumb|300px|The island of Kyûshû, with Kagoshima Prefecture in dark green. Satsuma han covered this ...--諸県郡--> of [[Hyuga province|Hyûga province]]; [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] as vassal.''

[[File:Naha-prewar2.jpg|right|thumb|320px|A prewar photograph of the Naha skyline]] ...and a number of other municipalities into its borders, Naha is the capital of [[Okinawa prefecture]].

...cal importance - into an upper tier of National Treasures and a lower tier of Important Cultural Properties. ...ung-il Pai, AAS Roundtable, "Who Moved My Masterpiece?...Cultural Heritage of Kyoto," Association for Asian Studies annual conference, San Diego, March 2

...ing; image from exhibition "Ainu Treasures: A Living Tradition in Northern Japan," East-West Center Gallery, Honolulu, Spring 2013]] The Ainu are an indigenous people of Japan, mainly associated with [[Hokkaido|Hokkaidô]], though as late as the [[Edo

..., and contributed significantly to the samurai-heavy demographic character of Edo. The wives of ''daimyô'' were obliged to remain resident in Edo, as political hostages,

...eft empty, and the ''Nishi-no-maru'' is now home to the central structures of the Imperial Palace. ...he ''Edojô tôjô fûkei zu byôbu'', Ôsuga Kiyomitsu, 1847. [[National Museum of Japanese History]].]]

...l of [[Beijing]] to [[Manchu]] invaders in [[1644]], marking the beginning of the [[Qing Dynasty]], China's last imperial dynasty. ...at Nanjing, he returned the capital to Beijing. Much of the Ming elements of the Great Wall and Forbidden City survive today.

...etween [[1609]], when [[Satsuma han]] annexed nearly all the islands north of Okinawa Island, and [[1879]], when the kingdom was [[Ryukyu Shobun|abolishe ...e State of Hawaii.<ref>[[Richard Pearson]], ''Ancient Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2013), 8.; ''Hawaii'', Lonely Planet (2009), 52.</ref> The pr

[[Image:Meiji-naminoue.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Statue of Emperor Meiji at [[Naminoue Shrine]] in [[Okinawa prefecture|Okinawa]], ide ...lture, and society, and marked the emergence of the modern nation-state of Japan.

|name=Campaigns of Toyotomi Hideyoshi ...e of Hachigata (1590)|Hachigata]] – [[Odawara Campaign|Odawara]] – [[Siege of Shimoda|Shimoda]] – [[Korean Invasions|Korea]]}}</td></tr></table>

* ''Other Names: Tenka dono (Lord of the Realm, or Hegemon)'' ...g much of Japan under his rule, and setting the stage for the eventual end of the wars and chaos which had dominated the archipelago for more than 100 ye

...in 240 a.D. In 280 a.D. many more iron swords were imported from China to Japan. Soon after the Japanese begun to forge and manufacture their own blades. We do know that in the 5th century steel swords were already made in Japan.

[[Image:Seiden.jpg|right|400px|thumb|The Seiden of Shuri castle.]] ...er of the kingdom, site of numerous rituals and ceremonies, and repository of numerous national heirlooms, official records and other artifacts.