Honjin

The entranceway (genkan) at Futagawa-juku on the Tôkaidô.

• Japanese: 本陣 (honjin)

Honjin were a special type of elite inn maintained in post-towns and port towns of Edo period Japan. They were most typically used by daimyô traveling on sankin kôtai journeys, but also regularly served as lodgings for traveling court nobles (kuge), shogunate officials, members of the imperial family, and prominent religious figures (e.g. abbots of Buddhist temples, Shinto priests), as well as for envoys from foreign kingdoms such as Ryûkyû. Honjin were often the private homes of village elders, which also served as centers of village administration, as well as hosting elite visitors. In port towns in the western half of the Inland Sea, establishments known as chaya ("teahouses"), built chiefly for the daimyô's own use during vacations and voyages, often served these purposes, in place of or in addition to a honjin.

Though well-apportioned, permanent establishments, honjin evolved out of the Sengoku period practice of warlords commandeering people's homes (or renting them, based on consenting agreement) to use them as a temporary headquarters, or simply as lodgings for a night. The term is said to originate in Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiakira's usage of lodgings specially arranged for him, on a journey to the capital in 1363. In the Edo period, honjin continued to serve metaphorically as the headquarters of a daimyô as military commander, a fact reflected in the term itself, which literally means "main encampment" or "chief tent." This functions as one element of the metaphor of sankin kôtai - despite it being a practice of a period of peace - as a military action; that is, of sankin kôtai as a military march, the movement of a lord's troops from his home domain to Edo as part of the fulfillment of that lord's feudal obligations to his lord (the shogun).

A honjin might typically house a daimyô along with 20-30 (or in rare cases as many as 70-90) of his higher-level retainers, but rarely if ever housed an entire sankin kôtai mission; not only were few (if any) honjin large enough to accommodate that many people, but the idea of lower-ranking followers sharing the same lodgings with the lord went against social norms. Honjin were often accompanied by secondary establishments known as waki-honjin, where additional members of an elite group might stay; for example, when the lead ambassador (seishi) of a Ryukyuan embassy stayed at a honjin, his vice- or deputy envoy (fukushi) typically stayed at the town's waki-honjin, along with other members of the embassy above a certain rank, while the remaining, lower-ranking, members of their mission were given lodgings at hatagoya - a more regular sort of inn, frequented by individual samurai and commoner travelers. Lower-ranking members of a mission might also be housed in private homes, Buddhist temples, or Shinto shrines.

The highway system as established by the shogunate did not initially include the establishment of lodgings for daimyô and others; it was in response to demand from daimyô and others that village elders or headmen (shôya or nanushi), or others who happened to possess sufficiently large homes in each post-town, adapted their homes to serve as lodgings for elite guests, thus giving birth to a network of honjin and waki-honjin. This process was given a boost by the journey to Kyoto of Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu in 1634, who ordered the establishment of a number of lodgings at that time. Additional honjin and waki-honjin sprang up quickly after sankin kôtai was made obligatory for all daimyô in 1642, and soon became standard fixtures in major ports and post-towns across the realm.

Across the fifty-three stations of the Tôkaidô Highway, there were 111 honjin and 73 waki-honjin. While some towns had only one honjin (and perhaps not even a waki-honjin), larger towns often had several of each. Hakone and Hamamatsu, for example, were each home to six honjin, while Odawara was home to four honjin. Across the fifty-three stations of the Tôkaidô, the average was just over two honjin per post-station. While in most towns the honjin outnumbered the waki-honjin, there were exceptions; at Ômiya on the Nakasendô, there were nine waki-honjin but only one honjin.

The number of nights per year that a honjin hosted elite visitors ranged quite widely from one post-station to another. Some honjin served only specific lords, and saw them only infrequently; a few honjin on the road to Nikkô were dedicated to the service of the Gosanke Tokugawa families, and were only called upon to host these lords a few times a decade. By contrast, the honjin at Futagawa-juku saw as many as 100-200 elite individuals across the year, with parties of anywhere from zero to more than forty staying at the honjin in any given month. The honjin at Ishibe might stand as a representative in-between example. Throughout the Edo period, Ishibe bounced back and forth between being occupied for as few as 20 or 25 nights a year, and as many as 50; during the remainder of the year, it served simply as the village headman's personal home. Other honjin served concurrently as saké breweries, shipping businesses, or commercial storefronts.

Similarly, the percentage of visitors who stayed overnight at the honjin rather than simply stopping briefly for a "rest" (often referred to as 休 or 小休 in documents from the time) also ranged from one honjin to another, depending on a number of factors including their location relative to major destinations, other post-stations, and river or sea crossings. At Ishibe and Toriimoto, for example, roughly 80% of the elite guests who passed through stayed overnight, whereas at Tsuchiyama, only roughly 30% stayed overnight, while the remainder merely stopped for tea, lunch, or a brief rest. A honjin's revenues accordingly ranged widely as well; while many honjin brought in around 20-40 ryô each year, some in particularly well-traveled locations, such as Hodogaya, Mishima, and Miya-juku, regularly brought in as much as 100-150 ryô per year, during peak decades.

Daimyô typically established regular reservations with honjin along their sankin kôtai routes, such that the honjin would know to expect them on particular dates each year, and to have a reception prepared for them in a particular manner, with the daimyô paying a pre-arranged amount as a show of gratitude. Such arrangements helped avoid difficulties which might otherwise emerge from negotiating and re-negotiating the schedule, and the terms, each time.

Reservations were typically made anywhere from 50 days to one year in advance; reservations, as well as other communications with the honjin, were sometimes made through the exchange of letters, and sometimes by having someone dispatched to the post-station to make arrangements in person. Honjin then typically provided the daimyô with a confirmation receipt (ukesho 請書), and a diagram of the layout of rooms (mitorizu 見取図). Still, there were times when a daimyô arrived in a town to find that another daimyô (or Imperial envoy, or another guest of similar elite status) had booked the inn for the night; most of the time, this resulted in the newcomer taking up lodging in the town's waki-honjin, or another similar establishment, when available. Daimyô also quite regularly passed through post-towns, not staying the night, but merely using the honjin as a place to rest for a bit, and to perhaps enjoy a meal. Such meals and rest-stops were also often pre-arranged, but daimyô could also simply arrive and have their men make an arrangement on the spot.

Select members of an elite entourage would typically travel several days ahead of the entourage, so as to make final arrangements at each successive post-station and to hand over sekifuda (wooden or paper plaques bearing the name of the elite guest, to be hung at the honjin and elsewhere announcing the elite guest's identity) and other things the post-station would need.

As a daimyô and his entourage approached a post-town, they would send a messenger ahead to alert the honjin to the daimyô's impending arrival. A special curtain, often bearing the visitor's kamon was hung over the entrance, paper lanterns were hung, and plaques known as sekifuda bearing his name were placed both at the honjin and at both main entrances to the town, announcing who it was that had reserved the town's lodgings for the night. A number of other preparations were also performed, including arranging small mounds of sand or salt, called morisuna, and a decorative broom and bucket (known as kazari-hôki and kazari-oke), outside of the inn as symbolic indications of the cleanliness and preparedness of the honjin.

The messenger would often exchange an official indication of his lord's wishes, for a receipt from the honjin confirming their acknowledgement of the reservation. When the daimyô then arrived in town, he would be greeted near the entrance to the town, and led to the honjin, where a proper reception awaited. Following this initial reception, a daimyô would typically then move directly to the jôdan no ma, a room with a slightly elevated seat, where he could then formally receive his retainers, the honjin proprietors, or others in audience.

It was not uncommon for all the officials of the post-town to contribute directly to the process of receiving a daimyô (or other figure of similar status), with some officials performing the greetings and formal reception, some ensuring the streets and the honjin itself were clean and in good condition, and others overseeing guardsmen and security concerns. Daimyô parties commonly numbered in the hundreds, or in the thousands when one includes the many porters and other commoner workers hired to accompany the group. Such groups could not be housed solely at a single honjin, or even in most cases across the multiple honjin and waki-honjin in a given town. Rather, it was quite common for as many as 150 inns (hatagoya) and private homes, often the majority of the town as a whole, to be given over to the task of housing middle- and lower-ranking members of a traveling party; such additional spaces were known as shimo yado (lit. "lower lodgings").

While some records seem to suggest that daimyô (or, more likely senior members of their retainer band) were charged and directly paid a set amount of silver to the honjin or to the town authorities for their stay, historian Miyamoto Tsuneichi writes that honjin operators neither asked for, nor typically directly received, payment for their services, but rather simply exchanged gifts with the daimyô, the amount received typically exceeding that which they would have officially charged. Where it was insufficient, sometimes a considerate and observant karô would make up the difference. According to the exhibit catalog of the Kusatsu-juku honjin, there was no set rate, but rather payment took the form of kashi 下賜, something a lord bestowed upon his retainers or others in his service; in this way, the gifts and services exchanged between a lord and a honjin operator tied the operator to the lord's service in a way not entirely unlike his relationship with his samurai retainers. Unlike daimyô, however, retainers generally paid a set rate. Since honjin could not explicitly ask for an amount according with their costs, many honjin frequently went into the red.

Honjin lost their special status in 1871, officially (legally) becoming no different from regular inns, in the aftermath of the shogunate's loosening of sankin kôtai obligations in 1863, and the collapse of the shogunate five years later.

Layout

The jôdan no ma at the honjin at Futagawa-juku.

The ita no ma luggage storage space at the honjin at Futagawa-juku.

Honjin were often the largest buildings in a given town. The sole honjin at the small post-town of Futagawa-juku, along the Tôkaidô in Mikawa province, survives today as a local history museum; the building is 17 1/2 ken wide, and covers a space of roughly 525 tsubo. The largest honjin on the Tôkaidô were at Odawara-juku. This was in large part because of its location. The castle-town is both close to Edo, meaning that most daimyô and other travelers from western Japan would come that way, and it is located between a difficult mountain pass & a river crossing; as a result, Odawara was a place that few travelers merely passed through, and where most instead stayed the night. Some of the largest honjin at other post-stations included those at Narumi-juku (676.5 tsubo), Kusatsu-juku (459 tsubo), and Ôtsu (394.5 tsubo). In total, there were thirteen post-stations which featured honjin larger than 300 tsubo. Most boasted some thirty to fifty rooms. Most waki-honjin, by comparison, were around 100 tsubo in area. The many rooms at the honjin at Ishibe totalled 264 tatami in area. As Ishibe typically saw on average parties of 28 guests at once, we can estimate that each member of that party would have had an area of 9-10 tatami to himself; when a larger party stayed at the honjin, each individual might have as little as four tatami mats to themselves. However, this is an average, and as the daimyô would have claimed a disproportionate amount of space to himself, we can presume retainers would most often have been forced to share an even smaller amount of space.

Honjin often fronted directly onto the main road around which the town was built - e.g. a highway such as the Tôkaidô - and had a formal front gate, guardhouse, and genkan (entranceway/foyer) decorated with curtains ceremonially welcoming a formal guest such as a daimyô. The daimyô would typically leave his palanquin at a designated spot (known as a shikidai) near the front gate and enter the building via the genkan, being formally received there and then led deeper into the building. While staying at a honjin, a daimyô was typically given the use of a space known as the goza no ma or jôdan no ma, a room with a slightly elevated tatami platform where the daimyô could sit and receive others, seated physically above them. Such rooms were typically furnished with a tokonoma and shoin-zukuri furnishings, contributing to its function as a proxy for equivalent audience hall or shoin spaces at the lord's own mansions. Guardhouses at both the front and rear gates of the honjin were maintained for the use of visiting daimyô's retainers, who would be assigned in turn to stand guard; the rear gate functioned primarily as an emergency escape route.

A shitomido latticed shutter to one side of the entrance of a honjin provided access to a storage space known as the ita no ma ("plank room"), allowing a visiting entourage to load luggage boxes and the like directly from the road into the honjin's storage. As the name suggests, this space had a solid wooden-plank floor, not lined with tatami.

Honjin also contained residential spaces for the family who owned and operated the lodgings, as well as a doma (earthen-floor) kitchen, yudono bath, and lavatories. Daimyô and other elite travelers typically brought their own cooks and a certain amount of foodstuffs and equipment with them (incl. rice, soy sauce, miso, cooking pots, and buckets), but had the honjin provide food as well.

References

• Watanabe Kazutoshi 渡辺和敏, "Sankin kôtai to honjin" 参勤交代と本陣, Honjin ni tomatta daimyô tachi 本陣に泊まった大名たち, Toyohashi, Aichi: Futagawa-juku honjin shiryôkan (1996), 53.