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...e Miller Van Reed was the first consul general representing the Kingdom of Hawaii in Japan, serving in that post from [[1866]] until [[1873]]. ...waii, and the United States, resulting in official Japanese immigration to Hawaii not beginning until [[1885]], after lengthy negotiations.

...[[Kalakaua|Kalākaua]] in the 1870s-80s, and named after the founder of the kingdom. ...ip around the World as Recorded in His Personal Diary", ''Hawaiian Journal of History'' 10 (1976), 62.

...e Shôzan was a court painter in the service of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]]. ...ms and Manners of Okinawa" (''Okinawa fûzoku no zu'') in the University of Hawaii collection.

...ern [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]], and a professor at the [[University of the Ryukyus]]. ...uey (ed.), ''The Ryukyu Kingdom: Cornerstone of East Asia'', University of Hawaii Press (2017).

...Robert Walker Irwin]] in Tokyo earlier that year, to be formally signed in Hawaii. ...nity in other respects. He was particularly disheartened by the prevalence of gambling and prostitution by Japanese in the islands.

...he Order of Kalākaua granted to [[Nagasaki Seigo]] in [[1881]]. Collection of the Bishop Museum.]] ...[[David Kalakaua|David Kalākaua]], second-to-last reigning monarch of the kingdom.

...Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]]. It was compiled by [[Tei Heitetsu]] and a group of other Ryukyuan Confucian scholar-officials c. [[1743]] to [[1745]]. *Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 3.

...ikan]]'', it formed the highest administrative and legislative body in the kingdom, known as the ''[[hyojoju|hyôjôju]]'' or the ''wii-nu-uza''. ...so served among the [[Council of Fifteen]]. The ministry oversaw a variety of matters relating to law enforcement and justice, palace affairs, harbor mai

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh served as the United States of America's Resident Minister in Japan from [[1866]] to [[1869]]. ...en Japan and the [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Kingdom of Hawai'i]] on behalf of the kingdom.

...sing some 80,000 woodblocks, it is considered the most complete collection of Mayahana Buddhist scriptures ever compiled.<ref>Gallery labels, Royal Ontar ...the 1450s or 1460s.<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 130-131.</ref>

...uey (ed.), ''The Ryukyu Kingdom: Cornerstone of East Asia'', University of Hawaii Press (2017), 81.</ref> ...d with the [[Council of Fifteen]] - the heads of the major branches of the kingdom's government, or provided approval to the Fifteen to take action. Occasiona

...yako'') in [[1506]] at the age of 23, and later died on Okinawa at the age of 61. ...sed there; Tamemitsu later returned to Amami to become ''[[oyako|ôyako]]'' of Higa (Setouchi Higashi) district.

...r of noble rank, he returned to Amami and later became ''[[oyako|ôyako]]'' of Kasari district. *Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 180.

...s titles, honors, and genealogical qualifications as the rightful occupant of the Hawaiian throne. *Stacy Kamehiro, ''The Arts of Kingship'', University of Hawaii Press (2009), 35-36.

...or Zhōu Guójùn, was a [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryukyuan]] [[scholar-aristocracy of Ryukyu|scholar-aristocrat]] who traveled to [[Fuzhou]] in the 1660s to stud ...uey (ed.), ''The Ryukyu Kingdom: Cornerstone of East Asia'', University of Hawaii Press (2017), 90.

...1611]]/9/19, following the [[1609]] [[invasion of Ryukyu|invasion]] of his kingdom by forces from [[Satsuma han|Kagoshima domain]]. ...se bearing ''go-hangyô'' licenses issued by Kagoshima authorities; and the kingdom was forbidden from engaging in any additional independent trade.

...ô Gen]] of the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]], and eldest brother of Shô Gen's successor, [[Sho Ei|Shô Ei]]. Kôhaku never acceded to the thro *Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 144.

...scholar-aristocrat [[Sho Yushi|Shô Yûshi]] to the position of Mekaru ôyako of [[Iheya Island]]]] ...fficial documents issued by the royal court of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] appointing individuals to government posts. ''Jireisho'' were used both t

The Order of the Chrysanthemum was the highest Order the Emperor could bestow. A new higher level of the Order was established on [[1888]]/1/4, the Order of the Chrysanthemum with Chain.

...d in ''Ryûkyû kokuô sappô no zu'', handscroll, date unknown, University of Hawaii Collection.]] ...13-14. </ref> It was used to authorize official documents, both within the kingdom, and in communications with foreign courts.

...ingdom]]. It ranked just below the [[Sanshikan]] (Council of Three) in the kingdom's political hierarchy, and was also known as the ''shicha nu za'', or "Lowe ...ichô nushidori]]'', and the seven heads and six ''ginmiyaku'' (vice-heads) of the ''[[sasu no soba]]''<!--鎖之側-->, the ''[[soshi kuri|sôshi kuri]]'

...'Kuniyoshi-maru'' was a [[Shimazu clan]] vessel which traveled to [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû]] on several notable occasions in the late 16th century. ...hip was beheaded, and cited this among a list of offenses committed by the kingdom against maintaining a good relationship with the Shimazu.

...ly held by three officials, all of whom enjoyed positions on the [[Council of Fifteen]]. ...ion oversaw official stipends paid out to fief-holders, and the collection of rents from those who owed such payments to the government. And the Preparat

...n'' so designated are of the Makabi style, one of seven predominant styles of ''sanshin''. ...ven at a far distance, at dawn (O: ''kei'', lit. "open", as in the opening of the day).

...er, [[Kazoku|Marquis]]) [[Sho Tai|Shô Tai]] of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]], and an admiral in the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]. ...f>Franklin Odo and Kazuko Sinoto, ''A Pictorial History of the Japanese in Hawaii 1885-1924'', Bishop Museum (1985), 80.</ref>

...as part of a broader effort to consolidate power under the control of the kingdom / royal court. ...rect relatives of the royal household, with the exception of the priestess of [[Kimihae]] on [[Kumejima]].

...[[Kagoshima prefecture]], Iô Torishima is administered as part of the city of [[Kumejima]], [[Okinawa prefecture]]. ...ish it from the [[Iwo Jima|island of the same name]] famous for the Battle of Iwo Jima.

...ûkyû Kingdom]] prior to the [[Shimazu clan]] [[invasion of Ryukyu|invasion of Ryûkyû]] in [[1609]]. ...nd on the protection of deities, dismissing rumors of invasion and reports of massing ships, and refusing to devote any significant resources or urgency

...entury, ostensibly the uncle of [[Shosatto|Shôsatto]], king of the kingdom of [[Nanzan]]. Despite not being a king himself, Shôeishishi sent [[tribute]] *Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 78.

...e of the ''gusuku'' grounds.<ref>Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 117.</ref> Following the overthrow of the First Shô Dynasty and establishment of the Second Shô Dynasty by [[Sho En|Shô En]] in [[1470]], Sashiki was left

...ir records showed no such robes included among the gifts bestowed upon the kingdom in that year. *Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 135-136.

...[[Bunei]] in the late 14th century, and perhaps into the very first years of the 15th century. *Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 112.

...of [[Shuri castle]], the main royal palace of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]]. ...[[Shimajiri]]) to come into the city and be able to help defend it in case of attack.

...g the praises of King [[Sho Shin|Shô Shin]] of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]]. ...nistration, and bureaucracy.<ref>Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 139-140.</ref>

...tian]] and a townsman of Nagasaki, he was selected from among the townsmen of the city to serve as ''daikan'' and was formally appointed by [[Toyotomi Hi ...he [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] warned [[Ming dynasty|Beijing]] of his plans. Ultimately, only three ships arrived in Taiwan and were quickly

Tamemitsu was a 16th century [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] government official from a prominent family on [[Amami Oshima|Amami Ôshi ...in [[1533]]. He married the daughter of a local village head, the headman of Beru Village in Kasari district.<!--笠利町辺留-->

...hist monk who acted as a formal representative of the king of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]] in several official missions to [[Joseon]] (Korea) in the 1450s. ...ies generally indicate that Dôan was doing so as an intermediary on behalf of the Ryukyuan court, some sources suggest he may have purchased the Koreans

*''Titles: Warden of the North (1422-1440); King of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]] (1440-1444)'' Shô Chû was the third king of the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]].

...was one generation older, being the grandfather of Shô Shishô.</ref> Much of what is known about him comes from legends and folklore sources and very li ...ii Press (2019), 107.</ref> One element of this evidence is the similarity of placenames between Sashiki - the area in southern Okinawa where Samekawa, S

...r land and power. The islands first began to become unified toward the end of this period. Trade and other interactions with both China and Japan were ac ...uey (ed.), ''The Ryukyu Kingdom: Cornerstone of East Asia'', University of Hawaii Press (2017), 12.</ref>

...s known for his role in currency reform within the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]]. ...stands as an example of the fluidity of identity at the time, in a handful of notable marginal cases at least.

[[File:Toyama-kyuzo.JPG|right|thumb|400px|Statue of Tôyama Kyûzô in Kin Town, Okinawa]] Tôyama Kyûzô is considered the father (or grandfather) of Okinawan immigration.

...oyal council in the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] - in the early years of the 17th century. ...ather than, necessarily, actual wrongdoing on Kishô's part. He was cleared of the accusations and restored to his position in [[1608]].

*''Titles:'' 中山国王 (J: ''Chûzan-kokuô, King of [[Chuzan|Chûzan]]) (c. 1336-1354)'' ...n government affairs, and her corruption. The king's mother took advantage of her privileges and position, and severely damaged popular support for her s

*''Titles: King of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]] (1477)'' ...a king of the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]]. The younger brother of King [[Sho En|Shô En]], he inherited the throne in 1477 upon his brother's

[[File:Courtesan-kabuki-wigs.jpg|right|thumb|320px|[[Courtesan]] wigs for Hawaii [[Kabuki]], loaded with fake (plastic) tortoiseshell hair ornaments]] ...oise shell has been used throughout East Asia for centuries, for a variety of purposes. In ancient China, tortoise shells were used for [[divination]] pu

...: Indigenous and Diasporic Peoples Unsettle the Nation-State'', University of Alberta (2012), 230n15.</ref> but Kalakaua was accompanied by [[Charles H. ...gn Minister [[Inoue Kaoru]] and others regarding [[Japanese immigration to Hawaii]].

...n particularly for her role in pushing for, or engineering, the abdication of Shô En's brother and successor [[Sho Seni|Shô Sen'i]], so that her son, S ...n very soon afterwards. While the details of Yosoidon's involvement in all of these developments are unclear, the political context and circumstances str

...û Kingdom]] (that is, the king/lord of [[Shuri]] on the neighboring island of [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]]) invaded and conquered Kumejima. ...and controlling the nearby harbor of Yamato-domari as well as some or all of Kume's roughly thirteen [[iron]]-working centers, Gushikawa would have been

...Shimazu clan]] on several missions to and from the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] in the 1580s-1600s. ...struction of the Shimazu clan and military action taken against the Ryûkyû Kingdom if [[Shimazu Yoshihisa]] were not to take action.

Tameyoshi was a late 16th century [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] official from [[Amami Oshima|Amami Ôshima]]. ...uri]] granted him this, and a yellow ''[[hachimaki]]'' court cap as marker of his status.

...yukyu archipelago]]. It lies to the south of [[Okinoerabujima]], and north of [[Okinawa Island]]. ...ed authority from [[Yoron gusuku]], a fortress located at the southern tip of the island.

Shô Ei was the 13th king of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]], reigning from [[1573]] to [[1587]]. ...the gate of [[Shuri castle]]; though originally hung only during the visit of the Ming envoys, King [[Sho Shitsu|Shô Shitsu]] later had it hung permanen

[[File:Okinawa-battlemap.jpg|right|thumb|380px|Map of the Battle of Okinawa at Punchbowl Cemetery in Honolulu]] ...om]], and [[Shuri]], the former royal capital of the Kingdom, today a part of Naha City.

...possibly in the [[Ryukyu Islands|Ryûkyû Islands]], he compiled an account of his experiences entitled ''[[Hyoto Ryukyukoku ki|Hyôtô Ryûkyûkoku ki]]' ...uey (ed.), ''The Ryukyu Kingdom: Cornerstone of East Asia'', University of Hawaii Press (2017), 11.

*''Titles: Knight Commander of the Royal [[Order of Kalakaua]]''<ref>Odo and Sinoto, 24.</ref> ...related to the beginning of [[Japanese immigration to Hawaii]]. He was one of the first Americans to become a naturalized Japanese citizen, marrying a Ja

...Chûzan]] for a number of years in the early 15th century, during the reign of King [[Sho Hashi|Shô Hashi]]. ...ng Mao|Wáng Mào]], by taking on some of the responsibilities of the office of prime minister.

...stance against the [[1609]] [[Shimazu clan]] [[invasion of Ryukyu|invasion of Ryûkyû]] and who later remained a prominent official in the Ryukyuan roya ...as eventually returned to Ryûkyû, where he later became a prominent member of the royal court.

Keraikedagusuku Yôcho is considered one of the great figures in the history of [[Iriomote-jima]]. He lived from roughly the mid-15th century to the early ...o on Iriomote festivals, "Minzoku" (Folk Customs) exhibit, National Museum of Japanese History, Sakura, Chiba. Viewed July 2013.</ref>

...d in ''Ryûkyû kokuô sappô no zu'', handscroll, date unknown, University of Hawaii Collection.]] The Manchu language was one of the two official languages of China's [[Qing Dynasty]], being used alongside Chinese on most, if not all,

Tamekoro was a late 16th century [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] official from [[Amami Oshima|Amami Ôshima]]. ...e became the ''[[oyako|ôyako]]'' of Higashi (Setouchi) district, and later of Kasari.

...d at, or coming from, the Ushuku area within Kasari district on the island of [[Amami Oshima|Amami Ôshima]]. Little is known about their lives and histo ...tions as ''[[oyako|ôyako]]'' of various districts on Amami over the course of the 1520s-1560s.

...iods of [[Okinawa|Okinawan]] history are divided up differently from those of Japan. ...periodization from [[Richard Pearson]], ''Ancient Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2013), 3.</ref>

...used for receiving and entertaining [[Chinese investiture envoys]] to the kingdom. Huaiji came to Ryûkyû from [[Fujian]] during the reign of King [[Sho Shisho|Shô Shishô]] ([[1406]]-[[1421]]). He served under four

...f King [[Sho Seni|Shô Sen'i]] (r. [[1477]]) of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]], and wife (queen) to Sen'i's nephew (her cousin) King [[Sho Shin|Shô Shi ...ô's urging and Shô Shin's orders, and escaped into exile for the remainder of his life.

...Southeast Asia, parts of which are today divided between the modern states of the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia. ...connection which contributed dramatically to the prosperity and longevity of Sulu as a polity.

...day [[Nagasaki prefecture]], these stone pots are one of a number of forms of archaeological evidence for ancient trade connections between "mainland" Ja ...uey (ed.), ''The Ryukyu Kingdom: Cornerstone of East Asia'', University of Hawaii Press (2017), 13.

...e-style name]] Mǎ Shùndé, was a [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] official of the late 16th century. ...ly should hold the esteemed title of Kunigami ''[[anji]]'', in recognition of Kunigami's great sacrifice.

...s]]. Compiled by [[Narushima Motonao]], it covers events from the founding of the shogunate in [[1603]] up through [[1786]]. ...uey (ed.), ''The Ryukyu Kingdom: Cornerstone of East Asia'', University of Hawaii Press (2017), 72.</ref> at which time the ''jikki'' was formally presented

..., originally from elsewhere.<ref>Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 58.</ref> ...al, in [[1500]]. Following Shuri's suppression of Akahachi's uprising, six of Miusuku's children were appointed to official positions on Hateruma by the

Trade in the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] was largely conducted using [[Chinese currency]], especially in the premo ...ed on-island. These ''taisei tsûhô'', inscribed with the phrase 大世通宝, were of poor quality and may have been made directly from [[Ming dynasty]] coins pr

...o the people of practices or technologies such as agriculture, the brewing of alcohol, telling time by the moon, living indoors, and cooking with fire. ...ed at any time by three well-defined territorial states (i.e. the kingdoms of Chûzan, Hokuzan, and Nanzan) has come under heavy critique.

...a-like shapes organized together to form a circle, with the circular heads of the three pointing in a clockwise fashion; this shape, common throughout Ja ...f these by Shô Toku.<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 118.</ref>

Tanegashima Hisatoki was a late 16th-early 17th century lord of the islands of [[Tanegashima]], [[Yakushima]], and [[Erabushima]]. ...n [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi|Toyotomi Hideyoshi's]] [[Korean Invasions|invasions of Korea]].

*''Titles: King of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]]'' ...al advisors. His reign marked the beginning of the Council's demonstration of significantly greater effectiveness and efficiency than previously.

::''Not to be confused with the Okinawan village of Bin. See [[Bin (village)]], and [[保栄茂]].'' ...iji]], seem to suggest that Haniji ruled until [[1395]], the circumstances of Bin's rule are particularly unclear.

...ablished by the [[Meiji Emperor]] and the [[Daijo-kan|Daijô-kan]] (Council of State) on [[1875]]/4/10. ...lowers." The latter was established on [[1888]]/1/4, alongside the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]] with Chain.

...m]], in the late 16th century. He is considered the second hereditary head of the Ba lineage (Oroku house). ...that Ryôin resigned - or was forced to - as a result of the rise to power of a more anti-Shimazu faction at court.

...u]] on the way home to Ryûkyû from an embassy to [[Beijing]], led a number of his compatriots in murdering a Fuzhou resident named Chén Èrguān and his ...an agents will be held accountable for their crimes, and imposing a series of restrictions on Ryûkyû's privileges in the [[tribute]] trade.

...omprises a specific set of schools, forms, and styles, with a specific set of histories. ...ocrat [[Itosu Anko|Itosu Ankô]], considered by many today to be the father of modern karate, then introduced this form into the Okinawan public schools i

...d in ''Ryûkyû kokuô sappô no zu'', handscroll, date unknown, University of Hawaii Collection.]] ...hinto shrines]], [[Yoshiwara]] teahouses, [[torii]] gates, and other types of buildings. In addition to these architectural uses, and in seals in general

...d rule was somewhat shaky; he therefore felt strongly about the importance of having the investiture ceremonies be performed as usual, to not shed any ad *Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 216.

...ushu." ''Okinawa rekishi jinmei jiten'' (沖縄歴史人名事典, "Encyclopedia of People of Okinawan History"). Naha: Okinawa Bunka-sha, 1996. p53.</ref>'' ...f the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] in suppressing the rebellion of [[Oyake Akahachi]], another regional chieftain.

[[File:Shofuri-tomb.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Tomb of Shô Furi and his wife]] ...the 6th son of King [[Sho Hashi|Shô Hashi]] of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]].

...utaki]] at Nakijin.<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 97.</ref> ...akijin). Shô Chû later (in [[1440]]) went on to succeed his father as king of Ryûkyû, relocating to [[Shuri castle]] at that time.<ref>"[http://ryukyus

...n San Francisco, conducting dealings with China, Japan, and the Kingdom of Hawaii. Brooks wrote a volume on Japanese castaways entitled ''Japanese Wrecks Str *John Van Sant, et al, ”Brooks, Charles Wolcott,” ''Historical Dictionary of United States – Japan Relations'', The Scarecrow Press (2007), 56.

..., “An Impossible Possibility,” in Nakasone (ed.), ''Okinawan Diaspora'', U Hawaii Press (2002), 6, citing William Lebra, ''Okinawan religion, belief, ritual, of Hawai‘i Press (1966), 21.</ref>

...ip to carry [[Japanese immigration to Hawaii|Japanese contract laborers to Hawaii]]. ...ide, weighing just over 5000 tons, and boasted a single screw, a top speed of 15 knots, compound engines, four masts, and two funnels.

*''Titles: King of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]] (1461-1469)'' ...First Shô Dynasty. According to traditional accounts, he was the third son of King [[Sho Taikyu|Shô Taikyû]], who he succeeded in [[1461]].

The ''Hyôtô Ryûkyû koku ki'' is a record of the experiences of a group of Japanese castaways who, in [[1243]], set out from [[Ojika Island]] and beca ...ncludes description and depiction of a battle between two different groups of Ryukyuans, armed with shields and spears. It also describes the castaways'

[[File:Inoue-kaoru-okitsu.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Statue of Inoue at [[Okitsu]], in [[Shizuoka City]].]] ...880s, before resigning that post in the wake of criticism for his handling of [[Unequal Treaties|treaty revision]] negotiations.

...Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]], in his conquest of [[Hokuzan]] and unification of [[Okinawa Island]]. ...awa Island, ending the [[Sanzan Period]], and founding the unified Kingdom of Ryûkyû.

...he is known chiefly for his travels between [[Joseon|Korea]] and [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû]] repatriating castaways and facilitating informal diplomatic inte ...d apologizing for the lengthy breaks in contact, due to the ongoing threat of piracy. The letter also indicated that some one hundred Koreans were tempor

Gihon was a semi-legendary king of the [[Okinawa Island|Okinawan]] kingdom of [[Chuzan|Chûzan]]. According to traditional accounts, he succeeded King [[ ...[[Okinawa Island]] and died there; a site near [[Asumui utaki]] just south of [[Hedo no misaki]] is traditionally identified as his tomb.

...ri castle]], and the deaths of both claimants. Prince Goeku, a younger son of [[Sho Hashi|Shô Hashi]] (and thus younger brother to Furi, and uncle to Sh ...try").<ref name=smits113>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 113.</ref> The actual circumstances and politics at the time

...''aji'', were a class of landed local lords in the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]]. They were the highest [[Ryukyuan court ranks|ranking in the Ryukyuan roy ...Japan or elsewhere).<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019).</ref>

...-envoy on a [[Chinese investiture mission]] to the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] led by [[Zhao Wenkai]] in [[1800]]. ...an province]], Li was also known as Mò Zhuāng. He passed the highest level of [[Chinese Imperial examinations|Confucian civil service exams]] in [[1778]]

...tles'': 浦添王子 ''(Urasoe ôji, [[Okinawan language|O]]: Urashii wuuji, Prince of Urasoe)'' ...nts (the so-called "Urasoe branch" of the royal family), however, with one of his great-grandsons taking the throne in [[1589]] as King [[Sho Nei|Shô Ne

...''jitô'' were local officials appointed by the [[government of the Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyuan court]] to serve as district administrators, after the ''[[anji]]' There were several ranks of ''jitô'': those assigned to an entire ''[[magiri]]'' (district) were known

==Timeline of 1883== ==Other Events of 1883==

...ablishment of the prefecture in 1879, it was believed that elements of the kingdom's administrative structure, and certain other traditions or customs, should ...imyô'', other samurai, and the king of Ryûkyû had been able to retain much of their prestige.<ref>Gregory Smits, "Jahana Noboru: Okinawan Activist and Sc

...a fictional story of travel to exotic parts of the world, and a discussion of sea creatures. ...seibatsu ki]]'' (an account of the [[1609]] [[Invasion of Ryukyu|Invasion of Ryûkyû]])

Kin Ryôshô was a master of [[Ryukyuan dance]] and ''[[kumi odori]]''. ..."traditional" court forms best as he could remember them - to students in Hawaii, who continue his legacy today.

*''Titles:'' 琉球国王 ''(Ryuukyuu-kokuou, King of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]]) ([[1527]]-[[1555]])'' ...Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] from [[1527]] to [[1555]]. He was the fifth son of King [[Sho Shin|Shô Shin]], who he succeeded to the throne.

...aiki|Ryûkyû-koku yuraiki]]'', which was completed in [[1713]] with the aim of correcting the errors in that earlier document, and supplementing its conte ...terpreting Parades and Processions of Edo Japan]" symposium, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 11 Feb 2013.</ref>

==Timeline of 1893== *1893/1/17 The Kingdom of Hawaii is overthrown in a coup led by a group of American businessmen.

...urt rank]] of the wearer.<ref>''Earth Exhibit of Ryukyu Kingdom''. Ryûfûan Hawaii. 2010. p12.</ref> Originally, the system included six colors of headgear (purple, yellow, red, blue, green, black), covering everyone from

...to Benzaiten are also located on tiny islands in manmade ponds. She is one of the [[Seven Lucky Gods]]. ...ith a local serpent [[kami|deity]], Ugajin. According to the founding myth of Enoshima Shrine, a dragon menaced the local population until one day an isl

Kikuin was a Ryukyuan [[Zen]] monk of the early 17th century. ...to Kyoto to practice at the [[Kyoto Five Mountains|five top Zen temples]] of that city. There, he was granted the monastic name Kikuin, by the Zen maste

...appears today, with elements of the entry area rebuilt. The central areas of the temple grounds beyond this gate remain completely unrestored.]] ...its destruction, with the pond, bridge, and outer gate area seen above off of the photo to the right.]]

...land on the island.<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 97-97.</ref> Also known as Shimasoe Ôzato gusuku, it is not ...d about 180 meters above sea level on a cliff in Ôzato village in the town of Nishibaru, it was protected by the cliff on the north and west sides, and b

...collector and journalist known for his exceptional collection of [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû]]-related materials, and expertise in related subjects. ...gn Languages in 1931. After some time as a teacher at the Tokyo University of Arts and Sciences, and Third High School, he became a researcher at the Bri

...t of [[Okinawa Island]]. The site is strongly associated with the founders of the first [[Sho Dynasty|Shô Dynasty]], [[Sho Shisho|Shô Shishô]] and [[S ...n certain ritual contexts, she took on the deity name Tedashiro 太陽代 (proxy of the sun).

...]] (Kawara lineage) of [[Kumejima]], and making Shô Shin's attacks on both of them attacks on particular (rival) ''wakô'' lineages. Smits, 101.</ref> ...to take advantage of the chaos and disunity, Akahachi proposed an invasion of the Miyako Islands. However, [[Nakasone Toyomiya|Nakasone ''Toyomiya'']] le

Yamaga Sokô was an influential theorist of the [[Edo period]], many of whose writings commented on samurai identity and warrior spirit. ...[Sinocentric world order|it held this position]]. With Japan at the center of his worldview, Yamaga identifies China as "Outer Court," or "Foreign Dynast

...with the fall of [[Kozuki castle]] in [[1578]], Korenori became a retainer of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. He received [[Shikano castle]] in [[Inaba province] ...mei's territorial grant. Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 214.</ref>

...d Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999. p51.</ref> ...en style Japanese readings. These Bunshi-ten texts were the first versions of [[Zhu Xi|Zhu Xi's]] commentaries on the [[Four Books]] to be published in a

==Timeline of 1843== ==Other Events of 1843==

...tical position for himself - by agreeing to surrender to annexation by the Kingdom. ...rs independently engaging in trade, piracy, etc., thus regaining the trust of the [[Ming dynasty|Ming court]], as well as strengthening his own rule dome

...e top-ranking bureaucrat in a particular jurisdiction, often operating out of an office known as a ''bugyôsho''. ...), a pair of officials in charge of a variety of aspects of administration of the shogunal capital; and the ''[[kanjo bugyo|kanjô bugyô]]'' (Finance Ma

[[File:Arisugawa-statue.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Statue of Imperial Prince Arisugawa Taruhito, Arisugawa Memorial Park, Tokyo]] Imperial Prince Arisugawa Taruhito was a prominent member of the imperial family in the 19th century.

...ies. Following the [[1609]] [[Shimazu clan]] [[invasion of Ryukyu|invasion of Ryûkyû]], these Ryûkyû-built Chinese-style vessels came to be known as ...g ships built there.<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 175.</ref>

...ami-islands.jpg|right|thumb|400px|A map of the Amami Islands on the bottom of a Sato no Akebono ''[[shochu|shôchû]]'' glass]] ...d subsequently directly administered by [[Satsuma han]], and remain a part of [[Kagoshima prefecture]] (not [[Okinawa prefecture]]) today. The islands ma

...[[1609]] [[invasion of Ryukyu|invasion of Ryûkyû]] from the Ryukyuan side of the conflict. ...tion efforts, though all ultimately failed. He remained on the main island of [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]] throughout the invasion, and so his diary is mos

..., was a scholar-official of Chinese origin who served the Okinawan kingdom of [[Chuzan|Chûzan]] for many years. ...Dynasty|Ming]] Court, honorarily recognizing him as a member of the ranks of the Ming bureaucracy.<ref>Tomiyama Kazuyuki, ''Ryûkyû ôkoku no gaikô to

...of reforms, including the streamlining of royal bureaucracy and reining in of royal extravagances. ..."Haneji Chôshû." ''Okinawa rekishi jinmei jiten'' (沖縄歴史人名事典, "Encyclopedia of People in Okinawan History"). Naha: Okinawa Bunka-sha, 2002. p63.</ref>.

...s, 1989. Description of Plates 81-82.; George Kerr. ''Okinawa: The History of an Island People''. Revised Edition. Tuttle Publishing (2000), 118, 121-122 ...by the royal court, and following his death was honored with the privilege of being buried near [[Shuri castle]].<ref>Plaques on-site at Aijô-ufumichi i

...d's many claims to fame is a [[banyan]] tree said to be the largest in all of Japan.<ref name=amaminosato>Gallery labels, Amami no Sato, Amami Park.</ref ...ashion to spread islands out to the north, and then to the south. A number of legends, songs, and the like from [[Okinawa Island]] and elsewhere suggest

[[File:Chuzan-seifu.JPG|right|thumb|400px|A copy of the ''Chûzan seifu'' on display at the Okinawa Prefectural Museum]] ...and Sai On reorganized, rephrased, and otherwise altered the presentation of the narrative so as to more strongly emphasize Ryûkyû's connections to Ch

...reaus and offices staffed by scholar-officials ranked into eighteen levels of [[Ryukyuan court ranks|court ranks]]. ...blished such governmental structures based on Ming models. Over the course of the ensuing centuries, various reforms and adaptations were built atop this

...Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 74:2 (2014), 258.</ref> ...of this community became landholders, or even ''[[jito|jitô]]'' (stewards) of ''[[shoen|shôen]]'' estates.<ref>von Glahn, 273-274.</ref> Their power beg

== Timeline of 1867 == *1867/9/18 Satsuma han and [[Choshu han|Chôshu han]] conclude an alliance of [[Tobaku|Tôbaku]].

...prayers or rituals.<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 128-129.</ref> ...tection. One such site is [[Kuba nu utaki]], also known as Kubô utaki, one of the most sacred spaces on the island and closed entirely today to outsiders

...l known especially for his [[1719]] journey to the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] as an [[Chinese investiture envoys|investiture envoy]], and for his writi ...: Harvard University Press, 1968. pp135-164.</ref> Xu then became a member of the [[Hanlin Academy]].

[[File:Lin-zexu.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Statue of Commissioner Lin in New York Chinatown, labeled "Pioneer in the War Against ...ts are generally said to have played a major role in spurring the outbreak of war with Britain.

...asure]] of Japan. It is held in the collection of the [[Naha]] City Museum of History, where it is regularly displayed. ...d king of [[Hokuzan]] killed himself with this sword in [[1416]], when his kingdom was conquered by [[Chuzan|Chûzan]].

[[File:Hibenkan.JPG|right|thumb|400px|A replica of the Naha City Museum of History crown, on display at [[Shuri castle]]]] ...s sent by the Chinese Court]]; the investiture ceremonies involved the use of special ritual garments called ''hibenfuku'', including a Chinese-style cro

...brated in the ''[[Omoro soshi|Omoro sôshi]]'' (Ryûkyû's oldest compilation of songs and legends) as praiseworthy and on par with the king. ...d a degree of wealth and power, and married [[Momoto Fumiagari]], daughter of King [[Sho Taikyu|Shô Taikyû]], further solidifying his power<ref name=ji

...:Ryukyu-aristocrats.JPG|right|thumb|320px|Mannequins wearing reproductions of traditional Ryukyuan court costume, on display at the Okinawa Prefectural M ...e.g. ''shisshi'', ''sanshikwan'', ''satunushi'', and ''zashichi'', instead of in standard Japanese, e.g. ''sessei'', ''sanshikan'', ''sato-nushi'', and '

...on by [[Meiji Japan]], following the 1872 announcement by the [[government of Meiji Japan]] to do so. ...me|multiple names]]. Chôjô held the title of ''[[ueekata]]'' of the domain of Kôchi, and was thus known as "Kôchi ueekata". He was also known as Shô T

...aki]] within [[Shuri castle]], and as being vital to the protection of the kingdom. ...n Okinawa, and with ''[[byobu|byôbu]]'' (folding screens), a poetic symbol of great wealth.

...t length. Both were requested or commissioned by the [[scholar-aristocracy of Ryukyu|Ryukyuan scholar-official]] [[Ba Komei|Ba Kômei]]<!--馬高明-->. ...orship in Ryûkyû, including summaries of the origin stories (''[[engi]]'') of Ryûkyû's [[Ryukyu Eight Shrines|major Shinto shrines]].

...rol of [[Satsuma han]] since [[1609]]), Satsuma served as the chief source of sugar in Japan throughout the [[Edo period]]. ...elling Taiwanese sugar following the [[Qing Dynasty]] quelling of the last of the [[Ming loyalists]] on [[Taiwan]] in [[1683]].

...vey of Okinawan history available in English. Kerr also published a number of notable works on [[Taiwan]]. ...heading the Formosa Research Unit associated with the US Navy Naval School of Military Government and Administration at Columbia University.

...rchy.<ref>Aike Rots, "Strangers in the Sacred Grove: The Changing Meanings of Okinawan Utaki," ''Religions'' 10:298 (2019), 7.</ref> ...mi'' (控神) in the case of male assistants, and ''niigami'' (根神) in the case of female ones.<ref name=furusato/>

Sulfur is a yellow mineral essential to the production of [[gunpowder]]. ...ands]].<ref name=smits69>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 69-70.</ref>

...Hachisuka Narihiro]] in [[1868]], just before the [[Meiji Restoration|fall of the shogunate]]. ...romoted to the Upper Junior Fourth Rank at that time and granted the title of Jijû (Chamberlain).<ref>Ishin Shiryô Kôyô 維新史料綱要, vol 3 (19

[[Image:Kokuo-shotokuhi.jpg|right|thumb|320px|A reconstruction of the [[1543]] ''kokuô shôtoku-hi'', which stands outside [[Shuri castle]] ...kirts of [[Shuri castle]], the royal palace of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]].

...n in [[1650]], in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], by high-ranking [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyuan]] government minister [[Sho Shoken|Shô Shôken]]. ...the reign of [[Sho Sei (尚清)|Shô Sei]]. There is no discussion of the reign of [[Sho Shin|Shô Shin]]; the reason for this is unknown.

[[File:Sho-taikyu.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Tomb of Shô Taikyû in Nanjô City, Okinawa]] ...ce of [[Goeku gusuku|Goeku]], King of [[Chuzan|Chûzan]], King of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]]''

...uccession, or on similar celebratory occasions, as part of the maintenance of a friendly relationship between Ryûkyû and Satsuma. The ''ayabune'' embas ...to be confused with [[dragon boat]] races, which use a very different type of boat.</ref>, or an ''ayabune'' (crest ship); the character ''aya'', the sam

...pobunshi.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Monument to Nanpo Bunshi at the former site of Dairyû-ji in Kagoshima]] ...), 308-312.</ref> He was also a [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucian]] scholar of the [[Satsunan school]].

....jpg|right|thumb|320px|An [[Edo period]] [[byobu|folding screen]] painting of hawks, attr. to [[Mitani Toshuku|Mitani Tôshuku]]. Metropolitan Museum.]] ...nd awaiting orders.<ref>Timon Screech, ''Obtaining Images'', University of Hawaii Press (2012), 30.</ref>

...rst mission to demand tribute from the [[Ryukyu Islands|Ryukyuan]] kingdom of [[Chuzan|Chûzan]]. ...ssions, to quell the ''[[wako|wakô]]'', and to take on the title of [[King of Japan]].

...s is from the 1430s.<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 58.</ref> The period ended in 1500 with the government of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] (based on [[Okinawa Island]], to the north) extending more direct control

[[Image:King Sho En.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Official royal portrait of Shô En.]] *''Titles:'' 琉球国王 ''(Ryûkyû-kokuô, King of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]])([[1469]]-[[1476]])''

...story. ''Okinawa rekishi jinmei jiten'' (沖縄歴史人名事典, "Encyclopedia of People of Okinawan History"). Naha: Okinawa Bunka-sha, 1996. p85.</ref>. ...trol only of the central part of the island, which thus became the kingdom of Chûzan.

[[File:Umungusuku.jpg|right|thumb|500px|The former site of the Omonogusuku, as it appears today]] ...ccording to vintage.<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 92-93.</ref>

...arn as much as they could about China during their time there. This system of sending students, funded and supported by the Ryukyuan court but with no re ...travel to China as official ''kanshô'' students did so in [[1392]]. Three of them were named Nishimi<!--日孜毎-->, Eiji<!--仁悦慈-->, and Kohama<!

...Hashi]]<ref>Technically, Hashi's father [[Sho Shisho|Shô Shishô]] was king of Chûzan in 1419, and neither was called "Shô" until that name was granted ...trol only of the central part of the island, which thus became the kingdom of Chûzan.

==Timeline of 1894== ...rmal ceremonies and celebrations are held for the 25th wedding anniversary of the [[Meiji Emperor]] and his Empress.

[[File:Komatsu-akihito.jpg|right|thumb|320px|A statue of Prince Komatsu Akihito, erected in [[Ueno Park]], in [[Tokyo]], [[1912]].]] ...n War]] and played a central role in the founding and early administration of the Japanese Red Cross.

''Kafu'' were family registry records of the [[Ryukyuan aristocracy]] written in ''[[kanbun]]'', which included line ...Prince [[Kochinda Choshun|Kochinda Chôshun]]<!--尚弘徳・東風平王子朝春-->, fifth son of the late King [[Sho Shitsu|Shô Shitsu]] (and thus, younger brother to the

== Timeline of 1868 == ...and the [[Imperial Court]] declares the [[Meiji Restoration|Restoration]] of the Monarchy.([[Osei Fukko|Ôsei Fukko]])

*''Titles: Lord of [[Nakijin gusuku|Nakijin]], King of [[Hokuzan]] (1397-1416)'' Hananchi was the third and final king of the Okinawan kingdom of [[Hokuzan]].

*''Titles: Mayor of [[Shuri]]'' ...nawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] under the heirs to the royal family of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]].

* ''Titles: Lord of [[Nakijin gusuku|Nakijin]], King of [[Hokuzan]] (c. [[1322]]-[[1395]]) ...record in [[1383]],<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 83.</ref> and is said to have ruled Hokuzan from roughly [[13

[[Image:SogenjiIshimon.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The stone gates of Sôgenji.]] ..., heavy stone gates, which were originally constructed during an expansion of the temple in [[1496]].

Shôsatto was perhaps the name of a king of the Okinawan kingdom of [[Nanzan]] in the late 14th century. ...an embassy from King Satto of Chûzan arrived in Korea, seeking the return of "Sannan prince Shôsatto" from his exile in Korea.

...awa clan]]s, in the Chinese port of [[Ningbo]] in [[1523]], over dominance of maritime trade with China. ...he East Asian maritime world, 1400-1800: Its fabrics of power and dynamics of exchanges''. Harrassowitz Verlag, 2007. p23.</ref>

...ng national/cultural boundaries. Sakamaki-Hawley Collection, University of Hawaii Library.]] ...ei]] describing the three "countries" closest to Japan - [[Ezo]], [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû]], and Korea - with an eye to national defense, and especially coa

[[Image:Teido-stele.jpg|right|300px|thumb|A stele erected in honor of Tei Dô, in Tsushima Maru Memorial Park in [[Naha]], [[Okinawa]].]] ...invade the kingdom.<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 222.</ref>

[[File:Kalakaua.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Statue of King Kalākaua in Waikiki]] ...mperor]] in March of that year set the stage for [[Japanese immigration to Hawaii]].

Tenpi, also known as Mazu, is a [[Daoist]] goddess of the sea, most often prayed to for safe voyages. Tenpi worship is particular ...ina, Taiwan, Ryûkyû, and elsewhere associate her with being an incarnation of the [[bodhisattva]] [[Kannon]], and in Ryûkyû she is sometimes known as B

...inawa Island]]. Despite its nearby location, Kumejima remained independent of Okinawan control until the early 16th century. ...in the 11th century.<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 22.</ref>

...nsiderable degree of independence from [[samurai]] control throughout much of the [[Sengoku period]]. ...ata]] over trading rights led in the early or mid-15th century to [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyuan]] trade being directed only through Hakata and [[Bonotsu|Bônotsu]

...d in ''Ryûkyû kokuô sappô no zu'', handscroll, date unknown, University of Hawaii Collection.]] In a classic example of how ethnic identity can change over time, and even be invented, the word Ma

[[File:Urasoe-gusuku.JPG|right|thumb|400px|A section of the walls of the castle]] ...he island into the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]], and the moving of the capital to [[Shuri castle|Shuri]].

...f [[Sashiki]] ''[[magiri]]'', King of [[Chuzan|Chûzan]], King of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]] (1422-1439)'' ...(today [[Okinawa Prefecture]]), having united the islands' three kingdoms of [[Chuzan|Chûzan]], [[Hokuzan]], and [[Nanzan]] by conquest.

*''Titles: King of [[Chuzan|Chûzan]] ([[1406]]-1421) ...ô was the first king of the first [[Sho dynasty|Shô dynasty]] of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]].

...s were among the [[tribute]] goods demanded of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] by China, and were also presented as gifts to the Tokugawa shogunate. ...others.<ref name=smits71>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 71.</ref>

...d solidification of Tokugawa authority, through acts such as the expansion of [[Nijo castle|Nijô castle]] and [[Nikko Toshogu|Nikkô Tôshôgû]]. ...es lecture. Honolulu, Hawaii. 9 November, 2006.</ref> Tadanaga became lord of [[Kofu castle|Kôfu castle]]. Their sister [[Senhime]] was married to [[Toy

==Timeline of 1871== ...ry priesthood, and stating that [[Shinto shrines]] are non-religious sites of reverence for the State<!--国家の宗祀-->.

...dition of the ''Chûzan denshin roku'', on display at the [[National Museum of Japanese History]].]] ...me one of the most widely read, and widely regarded, sources on the Ryûkyû Kingdom; numerous Chinese and Japanese works draw extensively on Xu's book.

...tsuma in [[1609]], and subjugated to Satsuma's suzerainty, marking the end of its active military exploits. ...e]], working in five-day rotations. When the king left the castle, a group of 300 mounted warriors accompanied him.

* ''Title: King of [[Chuzan|Chûzan]]'' ...d of [[Okinawa]], before it was united into the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] by [[Sho Hashi|Shô Hashi]].

...) in modern Japan chiefly in Buddhist contexts, where it serves a function of spiritual purification, incense was also burned for more non-religious, and ...ous gifts.<ref>Morgan Pitelka, ''Spectacular Accumulation'', University of Hawaii Press (2016), 45-46, 183n14.</ref>

==Timeline of 1901== ...ens an office on Broadway, in New York. His company mainly deals in export of iron and machinery.

[[File:Grave-tamagusuku-chokun.JPG|right|thumb|400px|The grave of Tamagusuku Chôkun, just outside the Maeda Tunnel, in [[Urasoe]] City]] *''Titles'': 踊奉行 ''(udui bujô, Magistrate of Dance)''

[[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] commanded two unsuccessful invasions of Korea, one in [[1592]]-[[1593]], and one in [[1597]]-[[1598]]. In Japanese, the invasions of Korea are generally known respectively as ''Bunroku no eki'' 文禄の役 a

...the [[Shimazu clan]] of [[Satsuma han|Kagoshima domain]], and remains part of [[Kagoshima prefecture]] today. ...name=smits18>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu, 1050-1650'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 18-20.</ref>

[[File:Amami.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Model of the island on display at the [[Amami Museum]]]] ...Shimazu rule in Amami is known for its oppressive and extractive policies of intensive [[sugar]] production, which have been compared to colonialist Eur

...right|thumb|500px|An 18th century Imperial festival robe in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum]] ...ceremonial way by the kings and aristocracy of Ryûkyû and Korea; the king of Ryûkyû only ever wore the robes when receiving Chinese ambassadors, howev

[[File:Tsurugaoka.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A view of [[Tsurugaoka Hachimangu|Tsurugaoka Hachimangû]] in [[Kamakura]]]] ...istory."<ref>Ward, 120.; Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 42.</ref>

...asty]] by members of the Nguyen family of Tay Son, which ended in the fall of the Le. ...etook the city once more, driving the Qing forces, and Le Chieu Thong, out of Vietnam.

[[File:Admiraltogo.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Statue of Admiral Tôgô at Tagayama Park, overlooking [[Kagoshima]] Harbor]] ...IJN) to victory over that of Imperial Russia in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of [[1904]]-[[1905]].

...storehouses, from a copy in the Sakamaki-Hawley Collection, University of Hawaii Library]]

...huen|Fukushûen]] (Fuzhou Gardens) in [[Naha]], [[Okinawa]], a reproduction of a famous garden in Fuzhou]] ...m [[Taipei]] and from [[Okinawa]], Fuzhou was the chief center of [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyuan]] activity in China, and the chief intermediary point for Ryukyuan

[[File:Shinkosen.JPG|right|thumb|320px|A model of a Ryukyuan [[tribute]] ship, on display at the Okinawa Prefectural Museum]] ...yukyu Shimpo, 1 March 2003.</ref> While extremely similar to Chinese ships of the time in their style and form, these Ryukyuan ships were not identical t

...ument on the former site of the Ryûkyû-kan in Kagoshima, today the grounds of the Nagata Middle School]] ...ranch offices of the [[government of the Ryukyu Kingdom]], providing bases of operations for official Sino-Ryûkyû and [[Satsuma han|Satsuma]]-Ryûkyû

*''Titles:'' 琉球国王 ''(Ryûkyû-kokuô, King of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]])([[1587]]-[[1620]])'' ...]] and was the first king of Ryûkyû to be a vassal to the [[Shimazu clan]] of [[Satsuma han]].

...al figure, any given figure owned and used multiple swords over the course of their lives. ...able, there is an ''oshigata'', a professional drawing showing the details of the blade. Historical accuracy here is sometimes flexible due to the high e

*''Titles: King of [[Chuzan|Chûzan]] (c. 1355-1395)'' ...which would continue for roughly five hundred years, almost until the fall of the [[Qing Dynasty]].

...]], the primary shrine (一の宮, ''[[ichinomiya]]'') in the prefecture and one of the [[Ryukyu Eight Shrines|Ryûkyû Eight Shrines]]. It sits atop a high bl ...age|Japanese]].</ref>, and later was incorporated into the Japanese system of Shinto shrines.

...ng national/cultural boundaries. Sakamaki-Hawley Collection, University of Hawaii Library.]] ...eign affairs matters. He was of no direct relation to the [[Hayashi clan]] of [[Confucianism|Confucian scholars]] in service to the shogunate.

[[Image:King Sho Shin.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Official royal portrait of Shô Shin.]] *''Titles:'' 琉球国王 ''(Ryûkyû-kokuô, King of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]])([[1477]]-[[1526]])''

* ''Becomes [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]]: [[1429]]'' ...Hashi]]<ref>Technically, Hashi's father [[Sho Shisho|Shô Shishô]] was king of Chûzan in 1419, and neither was called "Shô" until that name was granted

...and ''[[Rangaku]]'' scholar of the late 18th century, known as the writer of numerous popularly-published books on foreign cultures, as well as for his ...e World Beyond the Walls: Morishima Chūryō (1756-1810) and the Development of Late Edo Fiction,” PhD dissertation, Harvard University (2011), 88.</ref>

...om [[Okinawan immigration to Hawaii|Okinawa]]. Japanese quickly became one of the largest and most influential ethnic groups in the islands, remaining so ...technology they might bring back with them. Most Japanese who traveled to Hawaii on three-year contracts, however, settled there permanently, and did not re

...the [[Shureimon]] and [[Aijo-ufumichi|Aijô-ufumichi]] leading off the top of the image, and [[Engaku-ji (Okinawa)|Engaku-ji]] and the [[Ryutan|Ryûtan]] [[File:Shuri-skyline.jpg|right|thumb|320px|The rooftops of [[Shuri castle]], as seen from the [[Ryutan|Ryûtan]] Pond, 2014.]]

...le:Kishumansion.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Stone marker marking the former site of the Kishû Tokugawa mansion]] ...ily was no longer actively using the site, and in 1930, it became the site of residences for the [[Yi family]], the former Korean royal family who had no

== Timeline of 1869 == **1/5 Assassination of [[Yokoi Shonan]]

...s on missions to [[Edo]] and [[Beijing]], as well as heading the reception of [[Chinese investiture envoys]] in Ryûkyû, and drafting official diplomati ...e number of unrelated families over a period of some years, from a variety of places - in other words, to a more general immigration event.

...nds are a group of islands in [[Okinawa prefecture]] near the southern end of the [[Ryukyu Islands|Ryûkyû archipelago]]. ...[[Hateruma Island]], plus [[Yonaguni Island]] at the far southwestern end of the Ryûkyû Island chain.

...wa Island|Okinawa]] from Ôshima, and fathering [[Shunten]], the first king of Okinawa. ...his time there, it is said he married a woman named Shiranui, the daughter of [[Taira no Tadakuni]].

[[Image:Shuri walls.jpg|right|thumb|320px|One section of the winding walls of [[Shuri castle]].]] [[File:Nakijin-walls.JPG|right|thumb|400px|A section of the walls of [[Nakijin gusuku]]]]

...surrounding them bear much more in common with customs from certain parts of southern China. ...uey (ed.), ''The Ryukyu Kingdom: Cornerstone of East Asia'', University of Hawaii Press (2017), 90-91.</ref>

[[File:Nakijin-walls.JPG|right|thumb|400px|A view of the walls of the Shigema enclosure, seen from within the main enclosure]] [[File:Nakijin-model.JPG|right|thumb|400px|A model of the castle's walls, showing the overall layout]]

Goryeo, also known as Koryŏ, was a Korean kingdom lasting from [[918]] until [[1392]]. ...stone palace foundations.<ref name=natmus>Gallery labels, National Museum of Korea.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/48547245521/sizes/k/]</ref>

...name was originally written with different characters, 魂殿, meaning "palace of the spirits." ...sions for being entombed at Tamaudun, and lists nine names, including that of Shô Shin.

...ss, 2012.<br>[[Ronald Toby]], “Rescuing the Nation from History: The State of the State in Early Modern Japan,” ''Monumenta Nipponica'' 56, no. 2 (July ...=merc56>Roberts, ''Mercantilism'', 5-6.</ref> The term ''shinkoku'' ("Land of the Gods") similarly is traced back to the ''[[Kojiki]]'', compiled in [[71

...or fourth century CE.<ref>[[Robin Thompson|Thompson, Robin]]. ''The Music of Ryukyu''. ''Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music''. Surrey: Ashgate ...of the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]]) and that of [[Naha]] (the kingdom's chief port).

[[File:Amawari.jpg|right|thumb|320px|[[Amawari]], lord of [[Katsuren gusuku]], as represented in the ''kumi udui'' play ''[[Nido tich ...ame year. In November 2010, it was named an "Intangible Cultural Heritage" of the world by [[UNESCO]].<ref>"[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn201

[[File:Shinkosen.JPG|right|thumb|320px|Model of a Ryukyuan tribute ship (''shinkôsen'') at the Okinawa Prefectural Museum] ...he Emperor, ships were permitted to trade or barter a considerable portion of their cargo, or to have it bartered for them by the local Chinese port offi

...shima]] island group in the southern portion of [[Okinawa prefecture]] and of the [[Ryukyu Islands|Ryukyu]] island chain. ...yako Island]] is the largest in the group; it is surrounded by the islands of [[Ikema]], [[Irabu]], [[Kurima]], [[Ogami Island|Ôgami]], and [[Shimoji]].

...hasizing instead meditative and intellectual practices towards the pursuit of personal enlightenment. ...through Zen that [[Zhu Xi]] [[Neo-Confucianism]], as well as certain forms of [[tea]] and [[tea ceremony]], painting, and calligraphy were introduced and

...yûkyû," while ''Ryûkyû rettô'' means "Ryûkyû archipelago" or "Ryûkyû chain of islands."</ref> ...just south of [[Kyushu]] down to just before [[Taiwan]], just to the east of the [[Kuroshio current]] which brings warm water from the south up to the R

...right|thumb|320px|An example of Ryukyuan red lacquer platters, with mother-of-pearl inlay dragon design.]] ...d in the [[Ryukyu Islands|Ryûkyû Islands]] constitute their own unique set of traditional styles and techniques. Though heavily influenced by the styles

...a Japan: The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan''. University of Tokyo Press, 1990. pp97-123.</ref> ...e Hometown: A History of Community Survival in Modern Japan, University of Hawaii Press (2012), 25.</ref>

...] [[Okubo Toshimichi|Ôkubo Toshimichi]] and executed under the supervision of [[Matsuda Michiyuki]]. The population of the islands at the time of the ''shobun'' is said to have been over 310,000 people, occupying over 63,

[[File:Yokohama-dome.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Bronze dome on the roof of the former Yokohama Specie Bank headquarters in Yokohama]] [[File:Akarenga.jpg|right|thumb|400px|One of the two red brick warehouses (''[[Akarenga soko|Akarenga sôko]]'') at Yoko

...yoshi]]'s [[Korean Invasions]] who he was to repatriate, departed the port of Bônotsu-no-tomari in 1600, bound for [[Fujian]]. His journeys appear in th ...ng, is given in the records by his Japanese name, Jirôsan <!--次良三-->. Much of this crew had served with Sôan before, possibly quite regularly, and were

[[File:Katsuren.JPG|right|thumb|400px|The ruins of Katsuren castle as seen from the fourth enclosure, with a marker identifyin ...eated by the armies of the royal government of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]].

[[File:Naha-prewar2.jpg|right|thumb|320px|A prewar photograph of the Naha skyline]] ...and a number of other municipalities into its borders, Naha is the capital of [[Okinawa prefecture]].

...-daibutsu.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The [[Kamakura Daibutsu]], a bronze statue of [[Amida]]]] ...iding a guide for how to reconcile Buddhist belief and practice with those of Confucianism and Taoism. Buddhism began to spread in earnest in China in th

The hereditary monarch of Japan is commonly referred to in English as the "emperor." In addition to h ...id Monarchy'', UC Press (1998), 180.</ref> Prior to that time, on a number of occasions in Japanese history, a widow or daughter succeeded to the throne.

...ight|thumb|400px|Model of a Yayoi period village, at the [[National Museum of Japanese History]]]] ...s/gates of the university's main campus in Hongô.<ref>Plaque at University of Tokyo.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/15800690658/sizes/k/]</ref>

...century.<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu, 1050-1650'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 2.</ref> ...love poems. They range from two verses to forty, some making extensive use of rhyme and couplet structures.

* ''Distinction: prince Korean kingdom of Silla * ''Name meaning: Spear of the Heavenly Sun (Aston's translation), Prince of the Shining Spear (Aoki's translation)''

...t a local branch of [[Kasuga Shrine]] in [[Kagoshima]], at the former site of the docks from which the Satsuma fleet departed for [[Yamakawa]].]] ...+ 5000 sailors and laborers in 100 ships) vs. [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] (Forces unknown)

...y halted the outflow of silver from the country, chiefly through processes of import- & export-substitution, and began to in fact ''import'' gold and sil ...d a ''chôgin''.<ref>[[Timon Screech]], ''Obtaining Images'', University of Hawaii Press (2012), 79.</ref>

[[File:Perry-relief.jpg|right|thumb|500px|Scene on the base of bronze statue of Perry in Newport, RI.]] ...to Western commercial activity, are generally taken to mark the beginning of the [[Bakumatsu Period]].

...xed nearly all the islands north of Okinawa Island, and [[1879]], when the kingdom was [[Ryukyu Shobun|abolished]]. ...rd Pearson]], ''Ancient Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2013), 8.; ''Hawaii'', Lonely Planet (2009), 52.</ref> The prefecture's economy relies chiefly

...misen no Fukushima, a shop which has been serving the [[geisha]] community of [[Kanazawa|Kanazawa's]] [[Higashi Chayagai]] since the 19th century.]] ...i|bunraku]] theatre forms, of [[geisha]] and courtesan entertainments, and of various dance and storytelling traditions.

[[Image:Japan Kyushu Kagoshima.png|right|thumb|300px|The island of Kyûshû, with Kagoshima Prefecture in dark green. Satsuma han covered this ...--諸県郡--> of [[Hyuga province|Hyûga province]]; [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] as vassal.''

...n chuanxin lu]]'' by [[Xu Baoguang]]. Sakamaki-Hawley Collection, Univ. of Hawaii Library.]] ...'(C: tiān-shǐ)''<ref>lit. "Heavenly envoys," i.e. ambassadors from the Son of Heaven, i.e. the Chinese Emperor.</ref>

[[File:Shuri-seiden.jpg|right|thumb|320px|The rebuilt Seiden (main hall) of [[Shuri castle]], as it appears today]] ...ho En.jpg|right|thumb|320px|A [[ogo-e|posthumous official royal portrait]] of King [[Sho En|Shô En]]]]

...G|thumb|right|320px|The grave of Shimazu Yoshihisa, located alongside that of [[Shimazu Takahisa|his father]], at [[Fukusho-ji|Fukushô-ji]] in [[Kagoshi * ''Distinction: 16th Lord of the [[Shimazu clan]]''

Hokkaidô is the northernmost of the four main islands of the [[Japanese archipelago]] and the northernmost [[prefecture]] in the cou ...ntury. When discussed in contrast to the Ainu and other indigenous peoples of Hokkaidô and surrounding areas, ethnic Japanese are known as Wajin 和人.

[[File:Nagasaki-abelgower.jpg|right|thumb|400px|An [[1859]] photograph of Nagasaki by [[Abel Gower]], with [[Myogyo-ji|Myôgyô-ji]] in the foregroun ...ajor ports in the archipelago for international trade, home to communities of [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese]] and [[VOC|Dutch]] merchants.

[[File:Chosenjin-dai-gyoretsuki.JPG|right|thumb|400px|An image of a Korean procession from the [[1748]] ''Chôsenjin daigyôretsuki'', a book ...paralleled [[Ryukyuan embassies]] sent by the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]].

...y following the re-figuration of Imperial tombs under the [[State Shinto]] of the [[Meiji period]]]] ...gs in the [[Meiji period]], and continue to be surrounded by constructions of [[State Shinto]] today.

[[Image:Meiji-naminoue.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Statue of Emperor Meiji at [[Naminoue Shrine]] in [[Okinawa prefecture|Okinawa]], ide ...culture, and society, and marked the emergence of the modern nation-state of Japan.

[[Image:Seiden.jpg|right|400px|thumb|The Seiden of Shuri castle.]] ...er of the kingdom, site of numerous rituals and ceremonies, and repository of numerous national heirlooms, official records and other artifacts.

The Ainu are an indigenous people of Japan, mainly associated with [[Hokkaido|Hokkaidô]], though as late as the ..., there are less than 20 native speakers of the Ainu language, though tens of thousands, mainly living in Hokkaidô and Tokyo, claim partial or full Ainu

...20px|A lacquered reading stand inlaid in mother-of-pearl with the IHS logo of the Society. [[Tokyo National Museum]], 16-17th c.]] ...r-Reformation in Europe, and one of the earliest and most prominent groups of Christian missionaries to be active in Japan.

...York, exhibition in honor of the 400th anniversary of Hudson's "discovery" of New York & the Hudson River.]] ...se interacted, for the duration of the [[Edo period]] (until the 'opening' of the country in the [[Bakumatsu period|1850s]]).

...right|thumb|500px|An 18th century Imperial festival robe in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum]] ...on]] in [[1911]]. As such, the Qing is easily seen as both the last period of "traditional" China, and as containing events and developments crucial to u

...shares many of the features of social, economic, and political development of the same period in the West. ...and structures were put into place by Ieyasu's successors over the course of several decades.

...eft empty, and the ''Nishi-no-maru'' is now home to the central structures of the Imperial Palace. ...he ''Edojô tôjô fûkei zu byôbu'', Ôsuga Kiyomitsu, 1847. [[National Museum of Japanese History]].]]

|name=Campaigns of Toyotomi Hideyoshi ...e of Hachigata (1590)|Hachigata]] – [[Odawara Campaign|Odawara]] – [[Siege of Shimoda|Shimoda]] – [[Korean Invasions|Korea]]}}</td></tr></table>