Difference between revisions of "Japanese Eras"

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Japanese Era Names and Dates by Ages and Period
+
''' Japanese Era Names and Dates by Ages and Period
 +
'''
 +
 
 +
The most common method of dating years in Japan has been by using era names (nengô　年号) such as Genki 3 (元亀三年) [1572] or Heisei 19 (平成十九年) [2007]. <ref>To find the western equivalent of a year expressed in terms of eras, use: [start date] + [year of period] -1. Thus Keichô 5 (慶長五年) = 1596 +5 -1 =1600. </ref> The starts and the names of the eras are determined by the imperial court.<ref>"Private eras" （私年号) are occasionally found in literature or on artifacts. For a list of the major ones see the [[Kojien Dictionary|Kôjien]].</ref>
 +
The following is a list of the date of the start of the Japanese eras in chronological order. Note that not all alternate readings of era names have been indicated. For more information read the article on [[Year dates]].
 +
 
 +
"Periods" and "ages" are determined by historians. The general periods are pretty much agreed upon, but usually the start or end involved several pivotal events which could reasonally be said to demarcate the period. For more information, see the notes.  Some vague "periods" such as the Sengoku Period <ref>戦国時代, "Period of the Warring Nation" or "Warring Provinces." Start: [[Onin War|Ônin War]] ([[1477]]), [[Hojo Soun|Hôjô Sôun's]] invasion of [[Izu province]] ([[1493]]), or somewhere between; end: [[Oda Nobunaga]]'s entrance into [[Kyoto]] ([[1568]]), [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]'s unification of the country (with the defeat of the [[Go-Hojo clan|Go-Hôjô clan]] [[1590]]), [[Siege of Osaka Castle|fall of Osaka Castle]] ([[1615]]). </ref> are not listed.  For periods of art history, see Nelson's ''Dictionary''.
 +
 
  
 
==Ancient Age 古代 (--1185)==
 
==Ancient Age 古代 (--1185)==
 
===Asuka/Yamato Period 飛鳥／大和　時代===
 
===Asuka/Yamato Period 飛鳥／大和　時代===
  
−
*[[645]] 大化 Taika
+
*[[645]]-[[645]] 大化 Taika
−
*[[650]] 白雉 Hakuchi
+
*[[650]]-[[654]]? 白雉 Hakuchi
−
*[[686]] 朱鳥 Shuchô
+
*[[686]]-[[686]]? 朱鳥 Shuchô
−
*[[701]] 大宝 Taihô
+
*[[701]]-[[704]] 大宝 Taihô
−
*[[704]] 慶雲 Keiun
+
*[[704]]-[[708]] 慶雲 Keiun
−
*[[708]] 和銅 Wadô
+
*[[708]]-[[715]] 和銅 Wadô
  
−
===Nara/Yamato Period　奈良／大和　時代===
+
===Nara/Yamato Period　奈良／大和　時代 (710-794)<ref> The period of rule by the imperial court from [[Nara]] 奈良 in [[Yamato province]]. Ususally the period from [[784]] to [[794]] when the capital was in [[Nagaoka-kyo|Nagaoko-kyô]] 長岡京 in [[Yamashiro province]] is also included.</ref>===
  
 
*[[715]] 霊亀 Reiki
 
*[[715]] 霊亀 Reiki
Line 24: Line 31:
 
*[[770]] 宝亀 Hôki
 
*[[770]] 宝亀 Hôki
 
*[[781]] 天応 Ten'ô
 
*[[781]] 天応 Ten'ô
−
*[[782]] 延暦 Enryaku=
+
*[[782]] 延暦 Enryaku
  
−
===Heian Period　平安時代===
+
===Heian Period　平安時代<ref>The period of rule by the imperial court from Heian-kyô 平安京, that is, [[Kyoto]].</ref>===
  
 
*[[806]] 大同 Daidô
 
*[[806]] 大同 Daidô
Line 57: Line 64:
 
*[[985]] 寛和 Kanna
 
*[[985]] 寛和 Kanna
 
*[[987]] 永延 Eien
 
*[[987]] 永延 Eien
−
*[[988]] 永祚 Eiso
+
*[[989]] 永祚 Eiso
 
*[[990]] 正暦 Shôryaku ''(also read as Jôryaku or Shôreki)''
 
*[[990]] 正暦 Shôryaku ''(also read as Jôryaku or Shôreki)''
 
*[[995]] 長徳 Chôtoku
 
*[[995]] 長徳 Chôtoku
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==Middle Ages 中世 (1185-1573)==
 
==Middle Ages 中世 (1185-1573)==
  
−
===Kamakura Period 鎌倉時代 (1185-1333)===
+
===Kamakura Period 鎌倉時代 (1185-1333)<ref>The period of rule by the shogunate from Kamakura. Start: establishment of the shogunate by [[Minamoto Yoritomo]] ([[1185]]), end: end of the Kamakura shogunate ([[1333]])</ref>===
  
 
*[[1185]] 文治 Bunji
 
*[[1185]] 文治 Bunji
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*[[1329]] 元徳 Gentoku
 
*[[1329]] 元徳 Gentoku
 
*[[1331]] 元弘 Genkô
 
*[[1331]] 元弘 Genkô
−
*[[1334]] 建武 Kemmu
 
  
−
===Muromachi Period 室町時代 (1333-1573)===
+
===Muromachi Period 室町時代 (1333-1573)<ref>The period of the rule of the Ashikaga shoguns from Muromachi in Kyoto. Start: end of the Kamakura Period ([[1333]]), start of the Ashikaga Shogunate ([[1336]]); end: virtual loss of power by the shogunate ([[1377]]), expulsion of the last Ashikaga shogun ([[1573]])</ref>===
 +
 
  
 
====Nanbokucho Period 南北朝時代 (1336-1392)====
 
====Nanbokucho Period 南北朝時代 (1336-1392)====
−
At the present the southern court is officially considered to have been the legitimate court, and thus the southern court era names are considered the official ones.  However, most of the country used the northern era names.
+
At the present the southern court is officially considered to have been the legitimate court, and thus the southern court era names are considered the official ones.  However, most of the country used the northern era names.  
  
 
=====Southern Court=====
 
=====Southern Court=====
 +
*[[1334]] 建武 Kemmu
 
*[[1336]] 延元 Engen
 
*[[1336]] 延元 Engen
 
*[[1340]] 興国 Kôkoku
 
*[[1340]] 興国 Kôkoku
Line 188: Line 196:
  
 
=====Northern Court=====
 
=====Northern Court=====
−
*[[1332]] 正慶 Shôkei
+
*[[1332]] 正慶 Shôkei ''(also read as Shôkyô)''
 
* (Northern court not in existence between 1333 and 1336)
 
* (Northern court not in existence between 1333 and 1336)
 
*[[1338]] 暦応 Ryakuô
 
*[[1338]] 暦応 Ryakuô
Line 234: Line 242:
  
 
==Early Modern Age 近世 (1573-1868)==
 
==Early Modern Age 近世 (1573-1868)==
−
===Azuchi-Momoyama 安土桃山 (1573-1603)===
+
===Azuchi-Momoyama 安土桃山 (1573-1603) <ref>Period of rule by [[Oda Nobunaga]] from [[Azuchi castle]] and by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] from [[Fushimi castle]] in Momoyama, Kyoto. Start: Nobunaga's entry into Kyoto ([[1568]]), expulsion of the last [[Ashikaga shogun]] ([[1573]]); end: [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]'s victory at the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] ([[1600]]), establishment of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] ([[1603]]), [[Osaka Campaigns|fall of Osaka Castle]] ([[1615]])</ref>===
 
*[[1573]] 天正  Tenshô
 
*[[1573]] 天正  Tenshô
 
*[[1592]] 文禄  Bunroku
 
*[[1592]] 文禄  Bunroku
 
*[[1596]] 慶長  Keichô
 
*[[1596]] 慶長  Keichô
−
===Edo Period 江戸時代 (1603-1868)===
+
===Edo Period 江戸時代 (1603-1868)<ref>The period of the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns from [[Edo]]. Start:  [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]'s victory at the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] ([[1600]]), esablishment of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] ([[1603]]), [[Osaka Campaign|fall of Osaka Castle]] ([[1615]]); end: resignation of the last Tokugawa shogun ([[1867]]), start of the Meiji government ([[1868]]).  The "Early Edo Period" ended with the death of [[Tokugawa Iemitsu]] in [[1651]].</ref>===
 
*[[1615]] 元和  Genna
 
*[[1615]] 元和  Genna
 
*[[1624]] 寛永  Kan'ei
 
*[[1624]] 寛永  Kan'ei
Line 269: Line 277:
 
*[[1844]] 弘化  Kôka
 
*[[1844]] 弘化  Kôka
 
*[[1848]] 嘉永  Kaei
 
*[[1848]] 嘉永  Kaei
 +
====Bakumatsu Period 幕末 <ref> "End of the Shogunate." The period from the arrival of [[Matthew Perry]] in [[1853]] to the end of the [[Boshin War]] and the establishment of the Meiji government in [[1868]].</ref>====
 
*[[1854]] 安政  Ansei
 
*[[1854]] 安政  Ansei
 
*[[1860]] 万延  Man'en
 
*[[1860]] 万延  Man'en
Line 284: Line 293:
  
 
Note that the last four eras are sometimes abbreviated as M., T., S., or H.
 
Note that the last four eras are sometimes abbreviated as M., T., S., or H.
 +
 +
 +
== Alphabetical list of Nengô　==
 +
{|
 +
|-
 +
|An'ei||安永||[[1772]]
 +
|-
 +
|Angen||安元||[[1175]]
 +
|-
 +
|Anna||安和||[[968]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ansei||安政||[[1854]]
 +
|-
 +
|Antei||安貞||[[1227]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bun'an||文安||[[1444]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bunchû||文中||[[1372]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bun'ei||文永||[[1264]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bunji||文治||[[1185]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bunka||文化||[[1804]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bunki||文亀||[[1501]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bunkyû||文久||[[1861]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bunmei||文明||[[1469]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bunna||文和||[[1352]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bun'ô||文応||[[1260]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bunpô||文保||[[1317]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bunroku||文禄||[[1592]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bunryaku||文暦||[[1234]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bunsei||文政||[[1818]]
 +
|-
 +
|Bunshô||文正||[[1466]]
 +
|-
 +
|Chôgen||長元||[[1028]]
 +
|-
 +
|Chôhô||長保||[[999]]
 +
|-
 +
|Chôji||長治||[[1104]]
 +
|-
 +
|Chôkan||長寛||[[1163]]
 +
|-
 +
|Chôkyô||長享||[[1487]]
 +
|-
 +
|Chôkyû||長久||[[1040]]
 +
|-
 +
|Chôroku||長禄||[[1457]]
 +
|-
 +
|Chôryaku||長暦||[[1037]]
 +
|-
 +
|Chôshô||長承||[[1132]]
 +
|-
 +
|Chôtoku||長徳||[[995]]
 +
|-
 +
|Chôwa||長和||[[1012]]
 +
|-
 +
|Daidô||大同||[[806]]
 +
|-
 +
|Daiei||大永||[[1521]]
 +
|-
 +
|Daiji||大治||[[1126]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eichô||永長||[[1096]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eien||永延||[[987]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eihô||永保||[[1081]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eiji||永治||[[1141]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eikan||永観||[[983]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eikyô||永享||[[1429]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eikyû||永久||[[1113]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eiman||永万||[[1165]]
 +
|-
 +
|Einin||永仁||[[1293]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eiroku||永禄||[[1558]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eiryaku||永暦||[[1160]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eishô||永承||[[1046]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eishô||永正||[[1504]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eiso||永祚||[[988]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eitoku||永徳||[[1381]]
 +
|-
 +
|Eiwa||永和||[[1375]]
 +
|-
 +
|Enbun||延文||[[1356]]
 +
|-
 +
|Enchô||延長||[[923]]
 +
|-
 +
|Engen||延元||[[1336]]
 +
|-
 +
|Engi||延喜||[[901]]
 +
|-
 +
|Enkei||延慶||[[1308]]
 +
|-
 +
|Enkyô||延享||[[1744]]
 +
|-
 +
|Enkyû||延久||[[1069]]
 +
|-
 +
|En'ô||延応||[[1239]]
 +
|-
 +
|Enpô||延宝||[[1673]]
 +
|-
 +
|Enryaku||延暦||[[782]]
 +
|-
 +
|Entoku||延徳||[[1489]]
 +
|-
 +
|Gangyô||元慶||[[877]]
 +
|-
 +
|Genbun||元文||[[1736]]
 +
|-
 +
|Genchû||元中||[[1384]]
 +
|-
 +
|Gen'ei||元永||[[1118]]
 +
|-
 +
|Genji||元治||[[1864]]
 +
|-
 +
|Genki||元亀||[[1570]]
 +
|-
 +
|Genkô||元弘||[[1331]]
 +
|-
 +
|Genkyô||元亨||[[1321]]
 +
|-
 +
|Genkyû||元久||[[1204]]
 +
|-
 +
|Genna||元和||[[1615]]
 +
|-
 +
|Gennin||元仁||[[1224]]
 +
|-
 +
|Gen'ô||元応||[[1319]]
 +
|-
 +
|Genroku||元禄||[[1688]]
 +
|-
 +
|Genryaku||元暦||[[1184]]
 +
|-
 +
|Gentoku||元徳||[[1329]]
 +
|-
 +
|Hakuchi||白雉||[[650]]
 +
|-
 +
|Heiji||平治||[[1159]]
 +
|-
 +
|Heisei||平成||[[1989]]
 +
|-
 +
|Hôan||保安||[[1120]]
 +
|-
 +
|Hôei||宝永||[[1704]]
 +
|-
 +
|Hôen||保延||[[1135]]
 +
|-
 +
|Hôgen||保元||[[1156]]
 +
|-
 +
|Hôji||宝治||[[1247]]
 +
|-
 +
|Hôki||宝亀||[[770]]
 +
|-
 +
|Hôreki||宝暦||[[1751]]
 +
|-
 +
|Hôtoku||宝徳||[[1449]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jian||治安||[[1021]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jingo-<br>&nbsp; keiun||神護景雲||[[767]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jinki||神亀||[[724]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jiryaku||治暦||[[1065]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jishô||治承||[[1177]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôan||承安||[[1171]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôei||貞永||[[1232]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôgan||貞観||[[859]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôgen||承元||[[1207]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôgen||貞元||[[976]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôhei||承平||[[931]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôhô||承保||[[1074]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôji||貞治||[[1362]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôkyô||貞享||[[1684]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôkyû||承久||[[1219]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôô||貞応||[[1222]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôô||承応||[[1652]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôryaku||承暦||[[1077]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôtoku||承徳||[[1097]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôwa||貞和||[[1345]]
 +
|-
 +
|Jôwa||承和||[[834]]
 +
|-
 +
|Juei||寿永||[[1182]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kaei||嘉永||[[1848]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kagen||嘉元||[[1303]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kahô||嘉保||[[1094]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kajô||嘉承||[[1106]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kajô||嘉祥||[[848]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kakei||嘉慶||[[1387]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kakitsu||嘉吉||[[1441]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kanbun||寛文||[[1661]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kan'ei||寛永||[[1624]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kan'en||寛延||[[1748]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kangen||寛元||[[1243]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kanji||寛治||[[1087]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kanki||寛喜||[[1229]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kankô||寛弘||[[1004]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kanna||寛和||[[985]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kannin||寛仁||[[1017]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kannô||観応||[[1350]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kanpô||寛保||[[1741]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kanpyô||寛平||[[889]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kansei||寛政||[[1789]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kanshô||寛正||[[1460]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kantoku||寛徳||[[1044]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kaô||嘉応||[[1169]]
 +
|-
 +
|Karoku||嘉禄||[[1225]]
 +
|-
 +
|Karyaku||嘉暦||[[1326]]
 +
|-
 +
|Katei||嘉禎||[[1235]]
 +
|-
 +
|Keian||慶安||[[1648]]
 +
|-
 +
|Keichô||慶長||[[1596]]
 +
|-
 +
|Keiô||慶応||[[1865]]
 +
|-
 +
|Keiun||慶雲||[[704]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kemmu||建武||[[1334]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kenchô||建長||[[1249]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ken'ei||建永||[[1206]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kengen||乾元||[[1302]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kenji||建治||[[1275]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kenkyû||建久||[[1190]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kennin||建仁||[[1201]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kenpô]||建保||[[1213]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kenryaku||建暦||[[1211]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kentoku||建徳||[[1370]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôan||弘安||[[1278]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôan||康安||[[1361]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôcho||弘長||[[1261]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôei||康永||[[1342]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôgen||康元||[[1256]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôhei||康平||[[1058]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôhô||康保||[[964]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôji||康治||[[1142]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôji||弘治||[[1555]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôka||弘化||[[1844]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôkoku||興国||[[1340]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kônin||弘仁||[[810]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôô||康応||[[1389]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôryaku||康暦||[[1379]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôshô||康正||[[1455]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôwa||康和||[[1099]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kôwa||弘和||[[1381]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kyôhô||享保||[[1716]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kyôroku||享禄||[[1528]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kyôtoku||享徳||[[1452]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kyôwa||享和||[[1801]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kyûan||久安||[[1145]]
 +
|-
 +
|Kyûju||久寿||[[1154]]
 +
|-
 +
|Man'en||万延||[[1860]]
 +
|-
 +
|Manji||万治||[[1658]]
 +
|-
 +
|Manju||万寿||[[1024]]
 +
|-
 +
|Meiji||明治||[[1868]]
 +
|-
 +
|Meiô||明応||[[1492]]
 +
|-
 +
|Meireki||明暦||[[1655]]
 +
|-
 +
|Meitoku||明徳||[[1390]]
 +
|-
 +
|Meiwa||明和||[[1764]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ninji||仁治||[[1240]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ninju||仁寿||[[851]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ninna||仁和||[[885]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ninnan||仁安||[[1166]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ninpei||仁平||[[1151]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ôan||応安||[[1368]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ôchô||応長||[[1311]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ôei||応永||[[1394]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ôhô||応保||[[1161]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ônin||応仁||[[1467]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ôtoku||応徳||[[1084]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ôwa||応和||[[961]]
 +
|-
 +
|Reiki||霊亀||[[715]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ryakunin||暦仁||[[1238]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ryakuô||暦応||[[1338]]
 +
|-
 +
|Saikô||斉衡||[[854]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shitoku||至徳||[[1384]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôan||正安||[[1299]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôchô||正長||[[1428]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôchû||正中||[[1324]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôgen||正元||[[1259]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôhei||正平||[[1346]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôhô||正保||[[1644]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôji||正治||[[1199]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôka||正嘉||[[1257]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôkei||正慶||[[1332]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôô||正応||[[1288]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôryaku||正暦||[[990]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôtai||昌泰||[[898]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôtoku||正徳||[[1711]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôwa||正和||[[1312]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shôwa||昭和||[[1926]]
 +
|-
 +
|Shuchô||朱鳥||[[686]]
 +
|-
 +
|Taihô||大宝||[[701]]
 +
|-
 +
|Taika||大化||[[645]]
 +
|-
 +
|Taishô||大正||[[1912]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenbun||天文||[[1532]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenchô||天長||[[824]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ten'ei||天永||[[1110]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ten'en||天延||[[973]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tengen||天元||[[978]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tengi||天喜||[[1053]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tengyô||天慶||[[938]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenji||天治||[[1124]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenju||天授||[[1375]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenmei||天明||[[1781]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenna||天和||[[1681]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tennan||天安||[[857]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tennin||天仁||[[1108]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ten'ô||天応||[[781]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenpô||天保||[[1830]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenpuku||天福||[[1233]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenpyô||天平||[[729]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenpyô- <br>&nbsp; hôji||天平宝字||[[757]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenpyô- <br>&nbsp; jingo||天平神護||[[765]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenpyô- <br>&nbsp; kanpô||天平感宝||[[749]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenpyô- <br>&nbsp; shôhô||天平勝宝||[[749]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenroku||天禄||[[970]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenryaku||天暦||[[947]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenshô||天正||[[1573]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tenshô]||天承||[[1131]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tentoku||天徳||[[957]]
 +
|-
 +
|Ten'yô||天養||[[1144]]
 +
|-
 +
|Tokuji||徳治||[[1306]]
 +
|-
 +
|Wadô||和銅||[[708]]
 +
|-
 +
|Yôrô||養老||[[717]]
 +
|-
 +
|Yôwa||養和||[[1181]]
 +
|}
 +
==Notes==
 +
<References/>
 +
 +
==References==
 +
* Nelson, A. N., ''The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary'', Rev. ed., Tuttle, 1966.
 +
* ''[[Kojien Dictionary|Kôjien Dictionary]]''
 +
 
[[Category:Resource Articles]]
 
[[Category:Resource Articles]]
 
[[Category:Timeline]]
 
[[Category:Timeline]]
−
 
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{{stub}}
 

Latest revision as of 11:14, 27 March 2014

Japanese Era Names and Dates by Ages and Period

The most common method of dating years in Japan has been by using era names (nengô　年号) such as Genki 3 (元亀三年) [1572] or Heisei 19 (平成十九年) [2007]. [1] The starts and the names of the eras are determined by the imperial court.[2] The following is a list of the date of the start of the Japanese eras in chronological order. Note that not all alternate readings of era names have been indicated. For more information read the article on Year dates.

"Periods" and "ages" are determined by historians. The general periods are pretty much agreed upon, but usually the start or end involved several pivotal events which could reasonally be said to demarcate the period. For more information, see the notes. Some vague "periods" such as the Sengoku Period [3] are not listed. For periods of art history, see Nelson's Dictionary.


Ancient Age 古代 (--1185)

Asuka/Yamato Period 飛鳥／大和　時代

Nara/Yamato Period　奈良／大和　時代 (710-794)[4]

  • 715 霊亀 Reiki
  • 717 養老 Yôrô
  • 724 神亀 Jinki
  • 729 天平 Tenpyô
  • 749 天平感宝 Tenpyô-kanpô
  • 749 天平勝宝 Tenpyô-shôhô
  • 757 天平宝字 Tenpyô-hôji
  • 765 天平神護 Tenpyô-jingo
  • 767 神護景雲 Jingo-keiun
  • 770 宝亀 Hôki
  • 781 天応 Ten'ô
  • 782 延暦 Enryaku

Heian Period　平安時代[5]

  • 806 大同 Daidô
  • 810 弘仁 Kônin
  • 824 天長 Tenchô
  • 834 承和 Jôwa (also read as Shôwa)
  • 848 嘉祥 Kajô
  • 851 仁寿 Ninju
  • 854 斉衡 Saikô
  • 857 天安 Tennan
  • 859 貞観 Jôgan
  • 877 元慶 Gangyô (also read as Gankyô or Genkei)
  • 885 仁和 Ninna
  • 889 寛平 Kanpyô
  • 898 昌泰 Shôtai
  • 901 延喜 Engi
  • 923 延長 Enchô
  • 931 承平 Jôhei (also read as Shôhei)
  • 938 天慶 Tengyô
  • 947 天暦 Tenryaku
  • 957 天徳 Tentoku
  • 961 応和 ôwa
  • 964 康保 Kôhô
  • 968 安和 Anna
  • 970 天禄 Tenroku
  • 973 天延 Ten'en
  • 976 貞元 Jôgen
  • 978 天元 Tengen
  • 983 永観 Eikan
  • 985 寛和 Kanna
  • 987 永延 Eien
  • 989 永祚 Eiso
  • 990 正暦 Shôryaku (also read as Jôryaku or Shôreki)
  • 995 長徳 Chôtoku
  • 999 長保 Chôhô
  • 1004 寛弘 Kankô
  • 1012 長和 Chôwa
  • 1017 寛仁 Kannin
  • 1021 治安 Jian
  • 1024 万寿 Manju
  • 1028 長元 Chôgen
  • 1037 長暦 Chôryaku
  • 1040 長久 Chôkyû
  • 1044 寛徳 Kantoku
  • 1046 永承 Eishô (also read as Eijô or Yôjô)
  • 1053 天喜 Tengi
  • 1058 康平 Kôhei
  • 1065 治暦 Jiryaku
  • 1069 延久 Enkyû
  • 1074 承保 Jôhô
  • 1077 承暦 Jôryaku ((also read as Shôryaku or Shôreki)
  • 1081 永保 Eihô
  • 1084 応徳 Ôtoku
  • 1087 寛治 Kanji
  • 1094 嘉保 Kahô
  • 1096 永長 Eichô
  • 1097 承徳 Jôtoku (also read as Shôtoku)
  • 1099 康和 Kôwa
  • 1104 長治 Chôji
  • 1106 嘉承 Kajô (also read as Kashô or Kasô)
  • 1108 天仁 Tennin
  • 1110 天永 Ten'ei
  • 1113 永久 Eikyû
  • 1118 元永 Gen'ei
  • 1120 保安 Hôan
  • 1124 天治 Tenji
  • 1126 大治 Daiji Taiji
  • 1131 天承 Tenshô] (Also read as Tenjō)
  • 1132 長承 Chôshô (also read as Chôjô)
  • 1135 保延 Hôen
  • 1141 永治 Eiji
  • 1142 康治 Kôji
  • 1144 天養 Ten'yô
  • 1145 久安 Kyûan
  • 1151 仁平 Ninpei (also read as Ninpyô)
  • 1154 久寿 Kyûju
  • 1156 保元 Hôgen
  • 1159 平治 Heiji
  • 1160 永暦 Eiryaku
  • 1161 応保 Ôhô
  • 1163 長寛 Chôkan
  • 1165 永万 Eiman
  • 1166 仁安 Ninnan
  • 1169 嘉応 Kaô
  • 1171 承安 Jôan
  • 1175 安元 Angen
  • 1177 治承 Jishô (also read as Jijô)
  • 1181 養和 Yôwa
  • 1182 寿永 Juei
  • 1184 元暦 Genryaku

Middle Ages 中世 (1185-1573)

Kamakura Period 鎌倉時代 (1185-1333)[6]

  • 1185 文治 Bunji
  • 1190 建久 Kenkyû
  • 1199 正治 Shôji
  • 1201 建仁 Kennin
  • 1204 元久 Genkyû
  • 1206 建永 Ken'ei
  • 1207 承元 Jôgen
  • 1211 建暦 Kenryaku
  • 1213 建保 Kenpô]
  • 1219 承久 Jôkyû
  • 1222 貞応 Jôô
  • 1224 元仁 Gennin
  • 1225 嘉禄 Karoku
  • 1227 安貞 Antei
  • 1229 寛喜 Kanki (also read as Kangi)
  • 1232 貞永 Jôei
  • 1233 天福 Tenpuku
  • 1234 文暦 Bunryaku
  • 1235 嘉禎 Katei
  • 1238 暦仁 Ryakunin
  • 1239 延応 En'ô
  • 1240 仁治 Ninji
  • 1243 寛元 Kangen
  • 1247 宝治 Hôji
  • 1249 建長 Kenchô
  • 1256 康元 Kôgen
  • 1257 正嘉 Shôka
  • 1259 正元 Shôgen
  • 1260 文応 Bun'ô
  • 1261 弘長 Kôcho
  • 1264 文永 Bun'ei
  • 1275 建治 Kenji
  • 1278 弘安 Kôan
  • 1288 正応 Shôô
  • 1293 永仁 Einin
  • 1299 正安 Shôan
  • 1302 乾元 Kengen
  • 1303 嘉元 Kagen
  • 1306 徳治 Tokuji
  • 1308 延慶 Enkei (also read as Enkyô)
  • 1311 応長 Ôchô
  • 1312 正和 Shôwa
  • 1317 文保 Bunpô
  • 1319 元応 Gen'ô
  • 1321 元亨 Genkyô (also read as Genkô)
  • 1324 正中 Shôchû
  • 1326 嘉暦 Karyaku
  • 1329 元徳 Gentoku
  • 1331 元弘 Genkô

Muromachi Period 室町時代 (1333-1573)[7]

Nanbokucho Period 南北朝時代 (1336-1392)

At the present the southern court is officially considered to have been the legitimate court, and thus the southern court era names are considered the official ones. However, most of the country used the northern era names.

Southern Court
  • 1334 建武 Kemmu
  • 1336 延元 Engen
  • 1340 興国 Kôkoku
  • 1346 正平 Shôhei
  • 1370 建徳 Kentoku
  • 1372 文中 Bunchû
  • 1375 天授 Tenju
  • 1381 弘和 Kôwa
  • 1384 元中 Genchû (Genchû 9 became Meitoku 3 upon reunification)
Northern Court
  • 1332 正慶 Shôkei (also read as Shôkyô)
  • (Northern court not in existence between 1333 and 1336)
  • 1338 暦応 Ryakuô
  • 1342 康永 Kôei
  • 1345 貞和 Jôwa
  • 1350 観応 Kannô (also read as Kan'ô)
  • 1352 文和 Bunna
  • 1356 延文 Enbun
  • 1361 康安 Kôan
  • 1362 貞治 Jôji
  • 1368 応安 Ôan
  • 1375 永和 Eiwa
  • 1379 康暦 Kôryaku
  • 1381 永徳 Eitoku
  • 1384 至徳 Shitoku
  • 1387 嘉慶 Kakei
  • 1389 康応 Kôô
  • 1390 明徳 Meitoku

Rest of Muromachi Period

  • 1394 応永 Ôei
  • 1428 正長 Shôchô
  • 1429 永享 Eikyô
  • 1441 嘉吉 Kakitsu
  • 1444 文安 Bun'an (also read as Bunnan)
  • 1449 宝徳 Hôtoku
  • 1452 享徳 Kyôtoku
  • 1455 康正 Kôshô
  • 1457 長禄 Chôroku
  • 1460 寛正 Kanshô
  • 1466 文正 Bunshô
  • 1467 応仁 ônin
  • 1469 文明 Bunmei
  • 1487 長享 Chôkyô
  • 1489 延徳 Entoku
  • 1492 明応 Meiô
  • 1501 文亀 Bunki
  • 1504 永正 Eishô
  • 1521 大永 Daiei
  • 1528 享禄 Kyôroku
  • 1532 天文 Tenbun
  • 1555 弘治 Kôji
  • 1558 永禄 Eiroku
  • 1570 元亀 Genki

Early Modern Age 近世 (1573-1868)

Azuchi-Momoyama 安土桃山 (1573-1603) [8]

Edo Period 江戸時代 (1603-1868)[9]

Bakumatsu Period 幕末 [10]

Modern Age 近代 (1868-1945)

Present 現代 (1945--)　

Note that the last four eras are sometimes abbreviated as M., T., S., or H.


Alphabetical list of Nengô　

An'ei 安永 1772
Angen 安元 1175
Anna 安和 968
Ansei 安政 1854
Antei 安貞 1227
Bun'an 文安 1444
Bunchû 文中 1372
Bun'ei 文永 1264
Bunji 文治 1185
Bunka 文化 1804
Bunki 文亀 1501
Bunkyû 文久 1861
Bunmei 文明 1469
Bunna 文和 1352
Bun'ô 文応 1260
Bunpô 文保 1317
Bunroku 文禄 1592
Bunryaku 文暦 1234
Bunsei 文政 1818
Bunshô 文正 1466
Chôgen 長元 1028
Chôhô 長保 999
Chôji 長治 1104
Chôkan 長寛 1163
Chôkyô 長享 1487
Chôkyû 長久 1040
Chôroku 長禄 1457
Chôryaku 長暦 1037
Chôshô 長承 1132
Chôtoku 長徳 995
Chôwa 長和 1012
Daidô 大同 806
Daiei 大永 1521
Daiji 大治 1126
Eichô 永長 1096
Eien 永延 987
Eihô 永保 1081
Eiji 永治 1141
Eikan 永観 983
Eikyô 永享 1429
Eikyû 永久 1113
Eiman 永万 1165
Einin 永仁 1293
Eiroku 永禄 1558
Eiryaku 永暦 1160
Eishô 永承 1046
Eishô 永正 1504
Eiso 永祚 988
Eitoku 永徳 1381
Eiwa 永和 1375
Enbun 延文 1356
Enchô 延長 923
Engen 延元 1336
Engi 延喜 901
Enkei 延慶 1308
Enkyô 延享 1744
Enkyû 延久 1069
En'ô 延応 1239
Enpô 延宝 1673
Enryaku 延暦 782
Entoku 延徳 1489
Gangyô 元慶 877
Genbun 元文 1736
Genchû 元中 1384
Gen'ei 元永 1118
Genji 元治 1864
Genki 元亀 1570
Genkô 元弘 1331
Genkyô 元亨 1321
Genkyû 元久 1204
Genna 元和 1615
Gennin 元仁 1224
Gen'ô 元応 1319
Genroku 元禄 1688
Genryaku 元暦 1184
Gentoku 元徳 1329
Hakuchi 白雉 650
Heiji 平治 1159
Heisei 平成 1989
Hôan 保安 1120
Hôei 宝永 1704
Hôen 保延 1135
Hôgen 保元 1156
Hôji 宝治 1247
Hôki 宝亀 770
Hôreki 宝暦 1751
Hôtoku 宝徳 1449
Jian 治安 1021
Jingo-
  keiun		 神護景雲 767
Jinki 神亀 724
Jiryaku 治暦 1065
Jishô 治承 1177
Jôan 承安 1171
Jôei 貞永 1232
Jôgan 貞観 859
Jôgen 承元 1207
Jôgen 貞元 976
Jôhei 承平 931
Jôhô 承保 1074
Jôji 貞治 1362
Jôkyô 貞享 1684
Jôkyû 承久 1219
Jôô 貞応 1222
Jôô 承応 1652
Jôryaku 承暦 1077
Jôtoku 承徳 1097
Jôwa 貞和 1345
Jôwa 承和 834
Juei 寿永 1182
Kaei 嘉永 1848
Kagen 嘉元 1303
Kahô 嘉保 1094
Kajô 嘉承 1106
Kajô 嘉祥 848
Kakei 嘉慶 1387
Kakitsu 嘉吉 1441
Kanbun 寛文 1661
Kan'ei 寛永 1624
Kan'en 寛延 1748
Kangen 寛元 1243
Kanji 寛治 1087
Kanki 寛喜 1229
Kankô 寛弘 1004
Kanna 寛和 985
Kannin 寛仁 1017
Kannô 観応 1350
Kanpô 寛保 1741
Kanpyô 寛平 889
Kansei 寛政 1789
Kanshô 寛正 1460
Kantoku 寛徳 1044
Kaô 嘉応 1169
Karoku 嘉禄 1225
Karyaku 嘉暦 1326
Katei 嘉禎 1235
Keian 慶安 1648
Keichô 慶長 1596
Keiô 慶応 1865
Keiun 慶雲 704
Kemmu 建武 1334
Kenchô 建長 1249
Ken'ei 建永 1206
Kengen 乾元 1302
Kenji 建治 1275
Kenkyû 建久 1190
Kennin 建仁 1201
Kenpô] 建保 1213
Kenryaku 建暦 1211
Kentoku 建徳 1370
Kôan 弘安 1278
Kôan 康安 1361
Kôcho 弘長 1261
Kôei 康永 1342
Kôgen 康元 1256
Kôhei 康平 1058
Kôhô 康保 964
Kôji 康治 1142
Kôji 弘治 1555
Kôka 弘化 1844
Kôkoku 興国 1340
Kônin 弘仁 810
Kôô 康応 1389
Kôryaku 康暦 1379
Kôshô 康正 1455
Kôwa 康和 1099
Kôwa 弘和 1381
Kyôhô 享保 1716
Kyôroku 享禄 1528
Kyôtoku 享徳 1452
Kyôwa 享和 1801
Kyûan 久安 1145
Kyûju 久寿 1154
Man'en 万延 1860
Manji 万治 1658
Manju 万寿 1024
Meiji 明治 1868
Meiô 明応 1492
Meireki 明暦 1655
Meitoku 明徳 1390
Meiwa 明和 1764
Ninji 仁治 1240
Ninju 仁寿 851
Ninna 仁和 885
Ninnan 仁安 1166
Ninpei 仁平 1151
Ôan 応安 1368
Ôchô 応長 1311
Ôei 応永 1394
Ôhô 応保 1161
Ônin 応仁 1467
Ôtoku 応徳 1084
Ôwa 応和 961
Reiki 霊亀 715
Ryakunin 暦仁 1238
Ryakuô 暦応 1338
Saikô 斉衡 854
Shitoku 至徳 1384
Shôan 正安 1299
Shôchô 正長 1428
Shôchû 正中 1324
Shôgen 正元 1259
Shôhei 正平 1346
Shôhô 正保 1644
Shôji 正治 1199
Shôka 正嘉 1257
Shôkei 正慶 1332
Shôô 正応 1288
Shôryaku 正暦 990
Shôtai 昌泰 898
Shôtoku 正徳 1711
Shôwa 正和 1312
Shôwa 昭和 1926
Shuchô 朱鳥 686
Taihô 大宝 701
Taika 大化 645
Taishô 大正 1912
Tenbun 天文 1532
Tenchô 天長 824
Ten'ei 天永 1110
Ten'en 天延 973
Tengen 天元 978
Tengi 天喜 1053
Tengyô 天慶 938
Tenji 天治 1124
Tenju 天授 1375
Tenmei 天明 1781
Tenna 天和 1681
Tennan 天安 857
Tennin 天仁 1108
Ten'ô 天応 781
Tenpô 天保 1830
Tenpuku 天福 1233
Tenpyô 天平 729
Tenpyô-
  hôji		 天平宝字 757
Tenpyô-
  jingo		 天平神護 765
Tenpyô-
  kanpô		 天平感宝 749
Tenpyô-
  shôhô		 天平勝宝 749
Tenroku 天禄 970
Tenryaku 天暦 947
Tenshô 天正 1573
Tenshô] 天承 1131
Tentoku 天徳 957
Ten'yô 天養 1144
Tokuji 徳治 1306
Wadô 和銅 708
Yôrô 養老 717
Yôwa 養和 1181

Notes

  1. ↑ To find the western equivalent of a year expressed in terms of eras, use: [start date] + [year of period] -1. Thus Keichô 5 (慶長五年) = 1596 +5 -1 =1600.
  2. ↑ "Private eras" （私年号) are occasionally found in literature or on artifacts. For a list of the major ones see the Kôjien.
  3. ↑ 戦国時代, "Period of the Warring Nation" or "Warring Provinces." Start: Ônin War (1477), Hôjô Sôun's invasion of Izu province (1493), or somewhere between; end: Oda Nobunaga's entrance into Kyoto (1568), Toyotomi Hideyoshi's unification of the country (with the defeat of the Go-Hôjô clan 1590), fall of Osaka Castle (1615).
  4. ↑ The period of rule by the imperial court from Nara 奈良 in Yamato province. Ususally the period from 784 to 794 when the capital was in Nagaoko-kyô 長岡京 in Yamashiro province is also included.
  5. ↑ The period of rule by the imperial court from Heian-kyô 平安京, that is, Kyoto.
  6. ↑ The period of rule by the shogunate from Kamakura. Start: establishment of the shogunate by Minamoto Yoritomo (1185), end: end of the Kamakura shogunate (1333)
  7. ↑ The period of the rule of the Ashikaga shoguns from Muromachi in Kyoto. Start: end of the Kamakura Period (1333), start of the Ashikaga Shogunate (1336); end: virtual loss of power by the shogunate (1377), expulsion of the last Ashikaga shogun (1573)
  8. ↑ Period of rule by Oda Nobunaga from Azuchi castle and by Toyotomi Hideyoshi from Fushimi castle in Momoyama, Kyoto. Start: Nobunaga's entry into Kyoto (1568), expulsion of the last Ashikaga shogun (1573); end: Tokugawa Ieyasu's victory at the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate (1603), fall of Osaka Castle (1615)
  9. ↑ The period of the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns from Edo. Start: Tokugawa Ieyasu's victory at the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), esablishment of the Tokugawa shogunate (1603), fall of Osaka Castle (1615); end: resignation of the last Tokugawa shogun (1867), start of the Meiji government (1868). The "Early Edo Period" ended with the death of Tokugawa Iemitsu in 1651.
  10. ↑ "End of the Shogunate." The period from the arrival of Matthew Perry in 1853 to the end of the Boshin War and the establishment of the Meiji government in 1868.

References

  • Nelson, A. N., The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary, Rev. ed., Tuttle, 1966.
  • Kôjien Dictionary
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