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...n Proclamation]] imposes [[sumptuary regulations]], and calls for peasants to avoid "a commercial mind." * 1649/6/20 Major earthquake strikes Edo.

...chased by the kingdom from the [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] envoys, were known in Ryukyuan documents as ''hangaabutsu'' (or ''hangaamun'', 評價物). [[Category:Edo Period]]

...sion, in [[1806]], he served as ''sangikan'', advising the Lead and Deputy Envoys, and helping oversee the execution of various practical logistical aspects *Kimura Yoshisato 木村吉聡 (ed.), ''Ryukyu shisetsu no Edo nobori to Mitarai'' 琉球使節の江戸上りと御手洗, Shiomachi kankô kôryû

...''gakusei'' (head chamber musician) on the [[1764]] [[Ryukyuan embassy to Edo]], and the following year was named ''[[udui bujo|udui bujô]]'' (Magistrat ...was named Dance Magistrate shortly afterward. In [[1779]], he was elevated to the title of ''[[Sanshikan]] zashiki''.

*1748/4/14 [[Korean embassy to Edo]], which departed [[Seoul]] on 11/28 the previous year, arrives at [[Tomono ...version of ''[[Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura]]'' debuts at [[Nakamura-za]] in [[Edo]].

...other low-ranking member of a [[Ryukyuan tribute missions to China|mission to Beijing]] the following year. ...r musician (''gakushi'') on the [[1796]] mission, and was interviewed in [[Edo]], alongside [[Tei Shokan|Tei Shôkan]], by [[Akazaki Kaimon]], regarding t

...envoy to China in [[1646]] to express formal congratulations (''qinghe'') to the [[Prince of Tang|Longwu Emperor]] of the [[Ming loyalists|Southern Ming ...], turned around, changed their clothes, shaved their heads, and submitted to Prince Bolo.

::''Not to be confused with the [[1757]] [[Ryukyu-koku shiryaku|Ryûkyû-koku shiryaku ...[[Chinese investiture envoys|Chinese investiture missions to Ryûkyû]], and Ryukyuan governmental offices.

...stocrat]] who served as ''gakudôji'' on the [[1842]] [[Ryukyuan embassy to Edo]]. ...ointed to serve as ''gakudôji'' (musician & dancer) on the 1842 mission to Edo. At that time, his title was Takebaru ''satunushi''. A fan inscribed with h

...|Ming investiture embassy]] to the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] prior to the [[Shimazu clan]] [[invasion of Ryukyu|invasion of Ryûkyû]] in [[1609] ...massing ships, and refusing to devote any significant resources or urgency to defensive preparations.

...ip to the Chinese Emperor, and enabled the continuation of Ryukyuan access to Chinese trade. ...nted a formal gift of [[sulfur]] to officials in Fuzhou, and then traveled to Beijing, first overland and then the rest of the way via the [[Grand Canal]

...where in conjunction with the kingdom's reception of [[Chinese investiture envoys]]. [[Category:Edo Period]]

*1682/2/22 [[Honda Toshinaga]] reassigned to [[Murayama han]] ([[Dewa province]]) from [[Yokosuka han]]. *1682/7/16 Bakufu bans people to use "[[Tenka Ichi]]"

...ynasty|Qing]] authority; they were taken to [[Beijing]] to formally submit to the [[Shunzhi Emperor]]. [[Category:Edo Period]]

...the importance of having the investiture ceremonies be performed as usual, to not shed any additional doubt on his legitimacy. [[Category:Edo Period]]

...e envoys]] who visited the kingdom to formally [[investiture|invest]] each Ryukyuan king in his throne. ...icial called the ''kanmushi'' (館務司).<ref>Gallery labels, "Kuninda - Ryûkyû to Chûgoku no kakehashi," special exhibit, Okinawa Prefectural Museum, Sept 2

...books were commissioned, or requested, by [[scholar-aristocracy of Ryukyu|Ryukyuan scholar-bureaucrat]] [[Ba Komei|Ba Kômei]]<!--馬高明-->. ...l envoys]], tax goods collected from the other islands, and the cargoes of Ryukyuan and Japanese ships which made port at [[Naha]]. Letters included in the col

...nown by his Chinese-style name Bai Taika, was a prominent [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyuan]] sculptor. ...ing when he was 29 years of age, Sôkei was commissioned by [[Satsuma han]] to produce ''[[netsuke]]'' and ''[[inro|inrô]]''. His extant works also inclu

...ukyuan]] [[scholar-aristocracy of Ryukyu|scholar-aristocrat]] who traveled to China at least twice as a member of official embassies. He is perhaps best ...t [[Qing Dynasty]] [[Chinese investiture envoys|investiture mission]] home to China. He then stayed there for two years.

...who led the first Qing [[Chinese investiture envoys|investiture mission]] to the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] in [[1663]]. In conjunction with ...originally from Liaoyang. He was appointed to head an investiture mission to Ryûkyû in [[1654]], but the mission was ultimately called off on account

Prince Sashiki Chôeki, also known by his [[Ryukyuan names|Chinese-style name]] Shô Bun, was the second son of King [[Sho Ho|Sh ...e already present in Kagoshima anyway), or whether this additional mission to the shogun was already in mind, is unclear.

...a shared lodging in [[Beijing]] for housing visiting [[tribute|tributary]] envoys from foreign countries. ...essing or recording anything which might be unflattering or even dangerous to the regime.

...]] peak, the town was home to about 4000 people.<ref>Miyake Riichi 三宅理一, ''Edo no gaikô toshi'' 江戸の外交都市, Kashima shuppankai (1990), 85.</re ...ya by marriage, while a row of eight ''[[machiya]]'' homes were given over to providing lodgings for the 230 or so lower-ranking officials (下官) in th

...[[ukwanshin bugyo|ukwanshin bugyô]]'' (Magistrate of Receiving Investiture Envoys) is established. *The nails and brackets of the wooden ''Kyôto Daibutsu'' of [[Hoko-ji|Hôkô-ji]] are melted down, yielding 40 million ''

...the death of King [[Sho Ho|Shô Hô]], and to request [[Chinese investiture envoys|investiture]] for Shô Hô's successor, King [[Sho Ken|Shô Ken]]. ...he'') mission. Kin remained in China until [[1646]], when he returned home to Ryûkyû.

...and consisting of a total of 495 Koreans, departs [[Seoul|Hansŏng]] for [[Edo]]. ...ice-envoy, along with several cartographers ordered by the Chinese Emperor to prepare maps of Ryûkyû. They stay for eight months.

...history of the [[Ryukyuan embassies to Edo]], and, later as father-in-law to King [[Sho Tai|Shô Tai]] (r. [[1848]]-[[1872]]), and a member of the [[San ....<ref>Liao Zhenpei 廖真珮, "Ryûkyû kyûtei ni okeru Chûgoku kei ongaku no ensô to denshô" 琉球宮廷における中国系音楽の演奏と伝承, in ''Uz

...of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] based on records written by previous envoys to Ryukyu. ...efore continuing on to the Ryukyuan port of [[Naha]], the mission returned to Fuzhou, where it regrouped and set out for Ryûkyû aboard a new ship, arri

...Ba Juuchuu / C: Mǎ Chōngzhōng)''<ref>Miyagi Eishô 宮城栄昌, ''Ryûkyû shisha no Edo nobori'' 琉球使者の江戸上り, Tokyo: Daiichi Shobô (1982), 194.</r Oroku Ryôkyô was a Ryukyuan aristocrat-official, and member of the [[Sanshikan]] under King [[Sho Iku|S

...f Takahisa and his son [[Shimazu Yoshihisa]]. [[Nanpo Bunshi]] was invited to be the first abbot of the temple. ...Kagoshima during their missions.<ref>Miyagi Eishô 宮城栄昌, ''Ryûkyû shisha no Edo nobori'' 琉球使者の江戸上り, Tokyo: Daiichi Shobô (1982), 208.</r

...f knowledge about Ryûkyû in [[Edo period]] Japan. It may be the first text to employ the term "Okinawa" (沖縄). ...earch in historical texts; Hakuseki makes direct reference within the text to more than 25 sources, including the [[Book of Sui]], the [[Book of Later Ha

*1605/3 Korean envoys [[Samyeongdang]] and [[Son Munik]] meet with [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] and [[Toku ...s named [[shogun]], though his father [[Tokugawa Ieyasu|Ieyasu]] continues to wield actual power.

...s/k/]</ref> These stelae were typically organized according to a system of Ryukyuan custom, with the earliest Okinawan kings, [[Shunten]], [[Eiso]], and [[Satt ...apan/event2013/Index.htm#symposium Interpreting Parades and Processions of Edo Japan symposium], University of Hawaii at Manoa, 10 Feb 2013.</ref>

...the riding grounds allowing the Chinese visitors, and Ryukyuan courtiers, to see [[dragon boat]]s on the [[Ryutan|Ryûtan]] ("Dragon Pond") nearby. [[Category:Edo Period]]

...e envoys|Chinese investiture envoy]] [[Xu Baoguang]], based on his journey to Ryûkyû in [[1719]]. The volume was republished numerous times in Japan, a ...nd kingdom, and a variety of formal receptions and banquets enjoyed by the envoys, along with official rituals and ceremonies, including the [[investiture]]

...]. Prior to his reign, as Crown Prince, he made several significant visits to [[Beijing]] and [[Kagoshima]]. In [[1654]], as Crown Prince, Shô Tei traveled to Beijing and exchanged the [[Ryukyuan royal seal|royal seal]] granted the kingdom by the [[Ming Dynasty]] for a n

...Chinese ambassadors, however, and wore a royal costume in accordance with Ryukyuan native tradition for all other occasions<ref name=cammann>Cammann, Schuyler ...nd other symbols of [[investiture]]. Robes were also sometimes obtained by Ryukyuan officials in Beijing.

[[File:Kumiudui-sueyoshi.jpg|right|thumb|400px|A monument to ''[[kumi udui]]'' in Naha's Sueyoshi Park]] ...Ryukyu|Ryukyuan]] aristocrat-bureaucrat credited with the creation of the Ryukyuan dance-drama form known as ''[[kumi odori]]'' (O: ''kumi udui'').

...y areas used for receiving and entertaining [[Chinese investiture envoys]] to the kingdom. Huaiji came to Ryûkyû from [[Fujian]] during the reign of King [[Sho Shisho|Shô Shishô

*Kansei 2/11-12 [[Ryukyuan embassy]] sojourns in Edo, and then returns to [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû]]. *1791/1 Mixed gender bathing is forbidden in the public baths of [[Edo]].

...[[Tokugawa Ienari]] and of the shogunal heir [[Tokugawa Iesada]], within [[Edo castle]], burns down. Reconstruction efforts on the Naka-oku and [[Ooku|Ô-

...e most celebrated painters in Ryukyuan history. He is perhaps the earliest Ryukyuan painter who is both known by name, and by surviving artwork.<ref>Satoshi Ts

::''Not to be confused with [[Ryukyu-koku jiryaku]] ''琉球国事略'' by [[Arai Haku ...ern period.<ref>Richard Pegg, "For the Record: Chinese Conferment Missions to Ryukyu from 1372-1866," talk given at Okinawan Art in its Regional Context:

...o served as a musician (''gakushi'') on the [[1806]] [[Ryukyuan mission to Edo]]. ...Kôchi was assigned to help oversee the reception for [[Chinese investiture envoys]].

...other [[Tsushima han]] officials on Tsushima. The Koreans are given space to stay at the Kyoto temple [[Honpo-ji|Honpô-ji]]. ...shogunate]] grants monopolistic privileges in certain aspects of commerce to select Japanese and Portuguese merchants.

...13th king of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]], reigning from [[1573]] to [[1587]]. ...[[Shuri castle]]; though originally hung only during the visit of the Ming envoys, King [[Sho Shitsu|Shô Shitsu]] later had it hung permanently.

...and diplomat who led the [[1756]]-[[1757]] [[Chinese investiture mission]] to the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]], where he officially [[invest ...er>"Zen kai sho." Okinawa Prefectural Government. ''Ô-chô jidai no bijutsu to sho'' (王朝時代の美術と書, "Writings and Art of the Dynastic Perio

...Kingdom|Ryukyuan]] activity in China, and the chief intermediary point for Ryukyuan officials traveling between Okinawa and [[Beijing]]. ...rea caused many ships to abandon their [[Ningpo]]-via-[[Hakata]] route and to seek a more southerly port in China.<ref>Uezato Takashi. "The Formation of

...[Bakufu]] names 6 Daimyo to be commanders of [[hikeshi|firefighting]] in [[Edo]]. * 1634/5/1 [[Kyuan|Kyûan]] exiled to [[Hachijo-jima]].

...e:Seiken-ji.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Gate marking the entrance to the path up to Seiken-ji]] ...has been destroyed and rebuilt several times. The current main hall dates to [[1702]].

...e:Choshu-gozabune.JPG|right|thumb|400px|Members of a [[Ryukyuan embassy to Edo]] aboard the ''gozabune'' of the lord of [[Choshu han|Chôshû domain]], as ...ained designated families of shipwrights (''[[goyo shonin|goyô shônin]]'') to build and maintain their vessels.

...urney to the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] as an [[Chinese investiture envoys|investiture envoy]], and for his writings on that journey. ...n also included 600 additional people, including cartographers who set out to map the archipelago.<ref>Schottenhammer, Angela. "The East Asian maritime w

...y]] official who served as vice-envoy on a [[Chinese investiture mission]] to the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] led by [[Zhao Wenkai]] in [[1800]]. ...apan/event2013/Index.htm#symposium Interpreting Parades and Processions of Edo Japan]" symposium, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 11 Feb 2013.</ref>

...gly emphasize Ryûkyû's connections to China, while downplaying connections to Japan. ...apan/event2013/Index.htm#symposium Interpreting Parades and Processions of Edo Japan]" symposium, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 11 Feb 2013.</ref>

...etry: China's Place in Asia'' (NUS Press, 2009), 13-14. </ref> It was used to authorize official documents, both within the kingdom, and in communication ...certain other kingdoms, it was made of gilded silver. This was in contrast to the seals bestowed upon the kings of [[Joseon]] dynasty Korea and the [[Mur

...on, with the pond, bridge, and outer gate area seen above off of the photo to the right.]] ...that the king has planted a number of [[pine]] trees symbolic of his wish to nurture the growth of the kingdom.<ref>Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', 138.</re

...Edo in accordance with his ''[[sankin kotai|sankin kôtai]]'' obligations. To maintain five mansions in the city was exceptional; most smaller domains ma ...ka-yashiki'' ("middle mansion").<ref>Miyagi Eishô 宮城栄昌, ''Ryûkyû shisha no Edo nobori'' 琉球使者の江戸上り, Tokyo: Daiichi Shobô (1982), 103.</r

[[Image:Teijunsoku.jpg|right|thumb|320px|A monument to Tei Junsoku on the grounds of the [[Shiseibyo|Confucian temple]] in [[Kumem ...o Edo" 「琉球人行列と江戸」, in ''Nihon kinsei seikatsu ehiki: Ryûkyûjin gyôretsu to Edo hen'' 日本近世生活絵引：琉球人行列と江戸編、Research Cen

[[File:Shinkosen.JPG|right|thumb|320px|A model of a Ryukyuan [[tribute]] ship, on display at the Okinawa Prefectural Museum]] ...e Ryukyuan ships were not identical to Chinese styles, and bore distinctly Ryukyuan features which set them apart.

...h China. However, combined with the costs of receiving [[Chinese embassies to Korea]], the relationship was profoundly expensive for the Korean court, an ...own as ''ch'ŏnch'u'' (千秋). Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, Korea came to send instead only one annual mission, at the time of the winter solstice, a

...unzhi Emperor was the third emperor of the [[Qing Dynasty]], and the first to rule from [[Beijing]], with all of China under his dominion. ...and other rebels as well as [[Ming loyalists|Ming pretenders]] who sought to restore the [[Ming Dynasty]]. Dorgon also put into place many of the struct

...t was revived beginning in the 1970s. Following the restoration of Okinawa to Japanese sovereignty in 1972, ''kumi odori'' was named an "important intang ''Kumi odori'' was first performed on 1719/9/9, at a banquet for the Chinese envoys on the occasion of the [[investiture]] of King [[Sho Kei|Shô Kei]]. It was

...erating the town's ''[[honjin]]'' (official lodging for shogunal & foreign envoys, ''daimyô'', and other elite guests). The family's records, some 26 volume ..., he began an enterprise brewing a medicinal liquor; this would later come to be called ''homeishu''.

...]]'' and other officials and elites regularly stopped at Kamagari in the [[Edo period]]. It was an officially designated ''[[kaieki]]'' (maritime post-sta ...honjin]]'' inn in the main central port of Kamagari.<ref>Peter Shapinsky, “Envoys and Escorts: Representation and Performance among Koxinga’s Japanese Pira

...[Tsushima han]] and Joseon Korea. Among the stipulations are that Japanese envoys do not travel deeper into Korea beyond [[Pusan]]. ...he senior [[Shimazu clan]] retainers meet and choose [[Kabayama Hisataka]] to lead the invasion. The invasion forces leave [[Kagoshima]] for [[Yamakawa]]

...<ref>Mouri Kazuo (2016), “The concept of ‘cultural landscapes’ in relation to the historic port town of Tomo,” in Matsuda, Akira and Mengoni, Luisa Ele ...戸上りと御手洗, Shiomachi kankô kôryû Center 潮待ち館観光交流センター (2001), 3.</ref> Korean envoys visiting Tomo ten years later (in [[1617]]) wrote that Tomo was even greate

...Year's and [[Mid-Autumn Festival]]; enthronement and [[Chinese investiture envoys|investiture]] ceremonies; and the like. ...14 (2013), 58-59.</ref><ref>Chia-Ying Yeh, "The Revival and Restoration of Ryukyuan Court Music, Uzagaku: Classification and Performance Techniques, Language U

...ly not permitted to enter within the borders of the domain for much of the Edo period, during Shigehide's reign this was relaxed. ...accompanied a [[Ryukyuan mission to Edo]], and was elevated in court rank to Upper Junior Fourth Rank. This was the only such mission he escorted as act

[[Image:Ryukyu-dragon-platter.jpg|right|thumb|320px|An example of Ryukyuan red lacquer platters, with mother-of-pearl inlay dragon design.]] ...the styles and techniques employed in China, Korea, Japan, and elsewhere, Ryukyuan lacquerware followed its own unique historical trajectory, resulting in uni

...Governor of [[Okinawa prefecture]], serving in that position from [[1892]] to [[1908]]. Earlier in his life, he was a high-ranking retainer in the servic ===Edo Period===

...eople, occupying over 63,000 homes.<ref name=shisetsu48>''Ryûkyû shisetsu, Edo he iku!'' 琉球使節、江戸へ行く！, Okinawa Prefectural Museum (20 ...ncies. Rather, the word ''shobun'' is much more closely related in meaning to the English word "disposal."

[[File:Shiseibyo-gate.jpg|right|thumb|320px|The main gate to the [[Shiseibyo|Shiseibyô]] Confucian temple on Kume Ôdôri]] ...and [[Beijing]], as well as heading the reception of [[Chinese investiture envoys]] in Ryûkyû, and drafting official diplomatic documents.

[[File:Shinkosen.JPG|right|thumb|320px|Model of a Ryukyuan tribute ship (''shinkôsen'') at the Okinawa Prefectural Museum]] ...ere permitted to trade or barter a considerable portion of their cargo, or to have it bartered for them by the local Chinese port official, as "private b

...le:Investiture-YamaguchiSuio.jpg|right|thumb|500px|The Chinese investiture envoys ceremony at [[Shuri castle]], as depicted in a [[1788]] handscroll painting *''Other Names'': 天使 ''(C: tiān-shǐ)''<ref>lit. "Heavenly envoys," i.e. ambassadors from the Son of Heaven, i.e. the Chinese Emperor.</ref>

...to restore the [[Ming Dynasty]], or fled to Japan and elsewhere, refusing to serve under a "barbarian" dynasty. The [[Qing Dynasty]] suppressed the last ...ure]]/tribute relations between China and Ryûkyû, after a previous attempt to send an investiture mission in [[1654]] was blocked by the naval forces of

...] ''Chôsenjin daigyôretsuki'', a book published and widely circulated in [[Edo]] in conjunction with popular excitement and interest around that year's mi ...''kaitôken sakkanshi'') was in fact more commonly used at the time, in the Edo period, while ''tsûshinshi'' was used by the Japanese more commonly in the

...fecture in dark green. Satsuma han covered this territory, along with some to the northeast, in Hyûga province.]] ...re, plus parts of Miyazaki prefecture. As one of only ten ''daimyô'' clans to control (at least) an entire province, the Shimazu were considered ''[[kuni

...nd literature, the Tôkaidô carried massive ''daimyô'' entourages traveling to and from the shogunal capital on ''[[sankin kotai|sankin kôtai]]'' journey ...n the Pre-Modern World'', Wiley-Blackwell (2012), 90-105.</ref> from Tokyo to Kyoto, mostly near the Pacific coast. Today, the National Route #1 expressw

[[File:Ni-nu-faa.jpg|right|thumb|400px|The King bowing to the altar to Heaven, during a modern reenactment of the ''Ni-nu-faa nu unu-fee'' ceremon [[File:Cho-nu-fee.JPG|right|thumb|400px|Scholar-aristocrats kowtowing to the king, during a reenactment of the ''Chô nu unu-fee'' ceremony, Jan 1,

...poses, in place of or in addition to a ''honjin''.<ref>''Umimichi wo yuku: Edo jidai no Seto Naikai'' 海道をゆく－江戸時代の瀬戸内海－, Mu ...in to [[Edo]] as part of the fulfillment of that lord's feudal obligations to ''his'' lord (the shogun).

...shamisen)'', 沖縄蛇味線 ''(Okinawa jamisen)'', 蛇皮線 ''(jabisen)''<ref>Referring to the sanshin as "Okinawa shamisen" or simply "shamisen" is common among Okin ...now widely available.　The wood is typically selected from pieces laid out to dry for as much as three years. The rough shape of the instrument's neck is

...nd contributed significantly to the samurai-heavy demographic character of Edo. ...e domains, as well as retired former lords, were obliged to travel between Edo and the home domain, alternating with the lord.<ref name=ueno92>Ueno Takafu

*''Japanese:''江戸城''(Edo-jou)'' ...The ''Honmaru'' has been left empty, and the ''Nishi-no-maru'' is now home to the central structures of the Imperial Palace.

...ly under the name of either the king or one of the royal princes, traveled to [[Nagasaki]] over the course of the 16th-18th centuries. Despite [[kaikin|m ...passed through Japan on their way there, but records on this subject prior to the 17th century are extremely sketchy.<ref name=ishiisiam>Ishii Yoneo, "Si

...with whom Japan traded or otherwise interacted, for the duration of the [[Edo period]] (until the 'opening' of the country in the [[Bakumatsu period|1850 ...ry, and to defend and administer that territory as a colony; and the power to maintain and employ military force.<ref>Adam Clulow, ''The Company and the

...nistered by Kagoshima but still regarded as the territory of the kingdom - to be included in the kingdom's ''kokudaka'', for a grand total of 123,700 ''k ...lands]], which stretch between [[Kyushu|Kyûshû]] and Taiwan, from [[1429]] to [[1879]].

...ort taking place by boat than by road.<ref>Craig Lockard, “‘The Sea Common to All’: Maritime Frontiers, Port Cities, and Chinese Traders in the Southea ...ty Press (1994), 268.</ref> Vietnam remained a loyal [[tribute|tributary]] to the Chinese court, particularly during the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing

[[File:Coins.jpg|right|thumb|320px|A ''Kan'ei tsûhô'' coin from the [[Edo period]] (date unknown, left), a replica ''Keichô koban'' (center), and a ...dern period, the heavy use of [[Chinese currency|Chinese coins]]. By the [[Edo period]], a relatively standardized system of gold and silver coinage was i

...castle sits some 70cm higher above the ground than the original, in order to protect the ruins. Gallery labels, Shuri castle.[https://www.flickr.com/pho ...rom that time, leading scholars such as Uezato to conclude that even prior to Shuri becoming the royal palace, it functioned as a ''gusuku''.<ref>Uezato,