Kanazawa castle

From SamuraiWiki
Revision as of 05:44, 24 January 2010 by LordAmeth (talk | contribs) (some expansion)
Jump to navigationJump to search
The Hashizume-mon, or "Bridge Claw Gate", providing access to the Ni-no-maru from the San-no-maru.

Kanazawa castle was the political center of Kaga han, the wealthiest daimyô domain in Edo period Japan, and residence of the Maeda clan lords of Kaga.

History

After having campaigned against the Ikkô-ikki of Kaga province on behalf of Oda Nobunaga, Maeda Toshiie began to make plans to construct a castle to oversee his new lands, obtained following victory in the 1583 battle of Shizugatake, in which Sakuma Morimasa, who had controlled Kaga, was defeated. He chose the location of the village of Yamazaki (not the same site of the battle involving Akechi Mitsuhide), which had held the Oyama Gobô, a Buddhist temple-fortress subdued by Toshiie, upon which to construct it. Construction began upon Kanazawa castle in 1580 after Sakuma Morimasa seized the site, and was completed under Maeda Toshiie in 1592. As the fortunes of the Maeda clan increased under the reign of Tokugawa Ieyasu, this castle was rivaled only by Osaka and Edo in size and majesty. At its height, the castle boasted over twenty towers.

However, the complex was quite frequently beset with conflagrations. Beginning in 1602 when the tenshu was destroyed by fire, no fewer than 30 major blazes were reported. The tenshu was never rebuilt, though a three-story five-floored tower, the go-sankai-yagura, was built to replace it. The honmaru was expanded in 1621, but it was destroyed a mere ten years later, along with that three-story tower. Following this 1631 fire, the daimyo residence and center of power was moved to the ni-no-maru (second bailey), where a structure known as ninomaru goten (second bailey palace) was built for that purpose. Another major fire raged through the compound in 1759, and while much of the castle was repaired afterward, some structures, such as the inui-yagura (northwest watchtower) were not rebuilt. Though the honmaru was likewise never rebuilt, the Maeda doggedly continued to repair the damage to other parts of the castle after each incident, and even initiated new construction (a rarity during the Edo period when castle construction and repairs were highly restricted and regulated).

The major gatehouse - the Ishikawa-mon - was built in 1788, and as late as 1858 the Maeda constructed a new armory (a two-story, 30-bay structure, giving it the name of Sanjukken Nagaya) along with several other structures. The castle finally met its doom when the Meiji government took command of the site in 1871 and destroyed many of the buildings, those in the second bailey (ni-no-maru) lost to a fire ten years later in 1881.

Today, a number of structures of Kanazawa castle has been rebuilt, including the Ishikawa-mon, Gojukken-nagaya, Sanjukken-nagaya, and Tsuru-no-maru storehouse, though not including the tenshu or other honmaru structures. The castle site was used as a military base in the Meiji period, and was home to Kanazawa University from 1949 until 1989. In 1997, the site was officially designated "Kanazawa Castle Park." Archaeological excavations continue, and several structures in the compound were reconstructed in the early 2000s using wood and traditional joinery methods.

Layout and Construction

The castle grounds are divided into roughly seven sections, with the honmaru atop Oyama Hill, and the other sections, the Tsuru-no-maru, Gyokusen'in-no-maru, Ni-no-maru, San-no-maru, Shinmaru, and Kita-no-maru progressing down the hill to the north, an arrangement described as kaikaku-shiki (階郭式).

The Ishikawa-mon originally protected the rear entrance to the castle, but today has become the main entrance, and a symbol of the castle and of the city. The gate faces the Kenrokuen to the east, and is accessed via a bridge extended over what was once a moat, known as Hasuikebori (蓮池掘, "Lotus Pond Moat") or Hyakkenbori (百間掘, "Hundred Bays Moat"). Today, a roadway runs in its place.

The stone walls of the castle were repaired and restored in 1765, though the structures standing today which compose the Ishikawa-mon date to 1788. The Ishikawa-mon is a masu-gata (枡形) or "square gate," composed in fact of two gates through which a visitor or invader must pass. Upon entering the triple-roofed Kôraimon (高麗門), one must turn ninety degrees to pass through the two-story Yagura-mon (櫓門) boxing a small courtyard. Guards stationed atop the walls of the gatehouse and in a two-story watchtower overlooked and defended this courtyard, the bridge, and beyond.

Like most structures in the compound, the Ishikawa-mon features lead tile roofs and namako plastered walls, for protection from fire. The lead could also be melted down for bullets in the event of a siege against the castle. The Ishikawa-mon protected the rear entrance to Kanazawa and has a triple-roofed Kôraimon and a two story Yagura-mon boxing the courtyard. The distinctive so-called namako kabe or "sea cucumber walls" of Kanazawa castle are made from plaster walls inlaid with a great many square slate bricks, forming a sort of grid pattern and offering better protection from the heavy snowfalls typical in the region. The walls were further propped up from the back by wooden struts known as hikae-bei (控塀). A plank could be laid across these in a siege, allowing defenders a higher position from which to attack over the wall.

The Ishikawa-mon grants access to the shinmaru ("new bailey") and san-no-maru (third bailey), which once held retainers' mansions, an arquebus armory, and various workshops and artisan studios. The gojukken-nagaya ("Fifty Bays Long Armory"), rebuilt in 2001, separates this space from the more central, and more important, ni-no-maru (second bailey).

Access to the ni-no-maru is attained chiefly via the hashizume-mon (橋爪門, "Bridge Claw Gate") at a corner in the center of the fifty-bay-long structure, where it turns to form a 90-degree angle. A short bridge, roughly 13.8 meters long and six meters wide, extends like a claw from the gate, over a narrow moat which runs the length of the nagaya. One can easily imagine how significantly access could be denied by closing this gate, and how quickly a bottleneck would be formed in a large invading force passing through this point, even if the gate were open. The bridge and gate are further defended by a watchtower, known as the hashizumemon tsuzuki yagura (橋爪門続櫓) or waki-yagura (脇櫓), located at the corner of the nagaya.

The Gojukken-nagaya is today the chief structure of those which remain or were rebuilt. It houses a series of exhibits about the history of the castle and its construction, and allows visitors to climb into the watchtowers, providing an impressive view out over the castle grounds and beyond. Originally, it served as an armory, a storage space for arms and armor. A watchtower at its north end is called the hishi-yagura (菱櫓). The tallest structure in the ni-no-maru, the hishi-yagura stands roughly 17 meters tall, and has been the chief symbolic tower of Kanazawa castle since the go-sankai-yagura was lost in the 1759 fire.　Though it may look square, two corners of the hishi-yagura, or "diamond tower," measure 100 degrees, the other two measuring 80 degrees, forming a diamond or parallelogram shape. Stone drops (ishi-otoshi) are located below karahafu and chidorihafu gables.

Now absent, a gate called the Kurogane-mon would have separated the ni-no-maru from the honmaru. Beyond this gate, the honmaru, at the summit of the natural hill, was flanked by two areas of artificially elevated earth, containing among other important structures, the Sanjukken-nagaya armory/storehouse, and the Tsuru-no-maru storehouse.

The Tsuru-no-maru storehouse, which along with the Ishikawa-mon and Sanjukken-nagaya, is one of the few buildings still extant from the Edo period, sits in the Tsuru-no-maru, adjacent to the Eastern Bailey (higashi-no-maru), atop land artificially elevated, just east of the honmaru. Built towards the end of the Edo period, it is quite similar in style and form to the storage house of the Seikonkaku in Kenrokuen, which was built in 1863. The Tsuru-no-maru storehouse was used as storage for military uniforms during the Meiji period, and was repaired and restored at various points, but on the whole reflects its original Edo period form.

The Sanjukken-nagaya, or "thirty-bays long armory", located just northwest of the honmaru, also survives from the Edo period, rather than being a reconstruction. Completed in the eighth month of 1858, only ten years before the shogunate fell, the two-story structure has two quite ordinary doors, and is covered in namako-kabe. The west side of the long structure features two windows with karahafu gables, and one with a chidorihafu gable in the center, providing a view of castle architecture visible from beyond the castle walls.

The honmaru has been allowed to become overgrown, and has returned to forest, unlike the rest of the castle grounds which, while largely empty of buildings (as compared to how it would have looked during the Edo period, full of retainers' mansions, administrative buildings, workshops, etc.), have been maintained as smooth, empty grassy spaces. A sign marks the general area where the buildings comprising the honmaru once stood.

Archaeological excavations have uncovered considerable sections of stone wall, as well as the remains of structures such as the Nirami Tower, Ichi-no-mon and Ni-no-mon surrounding the Kawakita-mon to the west of the Ishikawa-mon.

Surroundings

Other structures on the grounds or otherwise closely associated with the castle include Oyama Shrine and Kanazawa Shrine, established by the Maeda lords, the Kinjô-reitaku well which gives the city its name, and several old samurai houses including ones associated with Tsuda Genba and Takamine Jôkichi.

The castle town of Kanazawa which grew up around the castle remains today one of the most intact Edo period castle towns in Japan, and an oft-cited example of a provincial castle town. The famous (and practical) Kenrokuen garden, one of the three top famous gardens in Japan, lies adjacent to the castle. The streams feeding the garden also served the purpose of supplying the castle town with water, and the terminus of these streams was shaped into a replica of Lake Biwa near Kyoto. The castle town spawned the Kaga Hôshô school of Noh. Kutani pottery was first made here, and the Maeda lords sent missions to China and Korea for technical advice on ceramics. The area was also famous for its wrought-iron tea kettles used for tea ceremony.

The temple of Myôryû-ji (‘trick temple’, also known as the ‘ninja house’), located across town from the castle, is another famous site in the city. It was designed to look like any other Buddhist temple, but actually was a seven-story fortress. Because the Maeda were the wealthiest clan in Japan after the Tokugawa, they were under intense surveillance by Ieyasu’s spies. To avoid this scrutiny, the Maeda conducted much of their important business at Myôryû-ji. They were able to reach the ‘temple’ unobserved via the central well, which in addition to supplying water featured a tunnel straight to Kanazawa Castle. Myoryu-ji is loaded with other secret doors and passages and all the interior windows face the well (in order to maintain surveillance on the comings and goings from it). Perhaps the most ingenious aspect of Myoryu-ji is the coin collection chest inside the front room. It looks like any other contribution box in any temple, but actually disguises a trap door designed to drop an enemy to his death.

Links

References

  • Plaques and signs on-site.
  • Hinago Motoo. Nihon No Bijutsu #54:Shiro. Tokyo: Shibundo, 1970.
  • Kodama Kota & Tsuboi Kiyotari (eds.). Nihon Jôkaku Taikei. 20 Volumes. Tokyo: Shinjimbutsu oraisha, 1981.
  • Nanjô Norio & Naramoto Tatsuya (eds.). Nihon no Meijô Kojô Jiten. TBS Brittanica, 1989.
  • Schmorleitz, Morton S. Castles In Japan. Tokyo: Charles E Tuttle Company Inc, 1974.
  • Terada Shôichi (ed.). Meijô wo aruku 2: Kanazawa-jô. Tokyo: PHP Kenkyûsho,　2002.
Retrieved from "http://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Kanazawa_castle&oldid=18243"