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...foreign settlement and trade in the 1850s, Goshkevich served for a time as Russia's resident consul there.

...porated into shogunal territory, in response to and as a defense against [[Russia]]n encroachment. *The Russia America Company is chartered.

...tthew Perry]] of the United States and [[Yevfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin]] of Russia.<ref>Mitani Hiroshi, David Noble (trans.), ''Escape from Impasse'', Interna ...used by most Western countries, and Jan 26 on the Julian calendar used by Russia until 1918.</ref> Moriyama signed the Dutch-language version of the [[Treat

...used by most Western countries, and Jan 26 on the Julian calendar used by Russia until 1918.</ref> ...Treaty of Peace and Amity, signed between the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] and [[Russia]] was the first of a number of agreements seeking to define geographical bo

...d by [[Yevfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin]] to carry a number of his men home to Russia in [[1855]]

...became perhaps the most prominent [[Edo period]] Japanese to spend time in Russia, and to report back to the shogunate about that country. ...ikokuya's ability to provide the shogunate with valuable information about Russia, he was instead allowed to live, and was interrogated by [[Katsuragawa Hosh

...eed to. Beijing attempted to renounce the treaty and have Wanyan executed; Russia refused to have the treaty renounced, and the other Western powers pressure

...te]] and the [[Convention of Kanagawa|United States]], [[Treaty of Shimoda|Russia]], and the [[Anglo-Japanese Convention of 1854|United Kingdom]] in [[1854]] ...), 12.</ref> amidst the shogunate signing treaties with the United States, Russia, and the United Kingdom all within a short period.

...odayu|Daikokuya Kôdayû]] and the sailor Isokichi, castaways returning from Russia, are interrogated in an audience with Shogun [[Tokugawa Ienari]]. ...for entry to [[Nagasaki]] harbor to [[Adam Laxman]], as representative of Russia.

...[Hokkaido|Hokkaidô]], which stretches north alongside the eastern coast of Russia's Khabarovsk Krai. It is separated from the Asian mainland by the Straits o ...the Kurils and most of Ezo, in contrast to Japanese territory in blue, and Russia in red.<ref>Tessa Morris-Suzuki, ''Re-Inventing Japan: Time, Space, Nation'

...oups. Several of the Kurils are today disputed territory between Japan and Russia. ...to the word ''shisam'' ("the great and nearby") used to refer to Japan or Russia.

...the great distance between Russian settlements in Siberia and Alaska, and Russia's breadbasket in eastern Europe / central Asia, it was also hoped that such ...and asked a variety of questions, including inquiring as to which products Russia would offer in trade, how many ships would come and how often, and whether

...r community.</ref> was an encampment on [[Sakhalin]] Island established by Russia in [[1853]], dismantled the following year, and further destroyed by [[Mats ...rea in preparation for negotiations with the Russians as to a formal Japan-Russia border on Sakhalin. Russian individuals came ashore there at least one more

...771]], and who presented Japanese officials with a fabricated warning that Russia was planning a serious naval attack against [[Matsumae han]], in [[Ezo]] ([

...lished there by [[Gennady Nevelskoy]], as a means of claiming Sakhalin for Russia and defending that claim against the Japanese.

...Tsudayû, did not provide information quite as extensive or reliable about Russia as another castaway, [[Daikokuya Kodayu|Daikokuya Kôdayû]], had a decade

...kyû]] in [[1853]]-[[1854]], which ended in the signing of treaties between Russia and those two island nations. In the meanwhile, in 1854, expeditionary forces of the [[Russia-America Company]] occupied [[Sakhalin Island]]. Their actions were later ju

...escort a number of Russian sailors from Shimoda and [[Heda]] back home to Russia. Ultimately, however, negotiations between Babcock and Putyatin broke down;

...[[Meiji period]] and one-time [[Foreign Minister]], who served in England, Russia, and China, and was the chief Japanese official involved in the signing of ...ister of Foreign Affairs in [[1891]], and later Japanese Consul-General to Russia, [[Qing Dynasty]] China, and the United Kingdom for brief periods. While in

...n to the [[Tsushima]] mountain cat, and to species across the region, from Russia and Northeast China down to Taiwan.

...mission, to punish Korea for its insolence. Two, many expressed fears that Russia, the United Kingdom, or another of the Western powers might gain significan ...should go badly at all, it would present far too great an opportunity for Russia or Britain to then come to "interfere in our internal affairs." He advocate

*The [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]] establishes the border between Russia and [[Qing Dynasty]] China.

...d immediately onto the faculty, and began making research trips to Alaska, Russia, Europe, and Japan. While in Japan around [[1900]], he began collecting Jap ...as formally established in [[1912]]. Dean made a number of trips to Japan, Russia, Alaska, and elsewhere, founding the Department of Reptiles and Fishes at t

...porated into shogunal territory, in response to and as a defense against [[Russia]]n encroachment.

...raged to be less Japanese; this in response to the lessening threat from [[Russia]].

...into leasing Port Arthur and the entire Liaodong Peninsula to Russia. For Russia this meant the acquisition of an ice-free naval base in the Far East to sup ...y engaged in Korea, successfully increasing her influence in that country. Russia also had interest in Korea, and although at first Russians and Japanese man

...ost significant treaties signed between [[Qing Dynasty]] China and Tsarist Russia.

...Russians would also help provide further intelligence & information about Russia and European developments for the shogunate, he argued, going on to suggest ...lting Tanuma ordered Matsumae to provide a series of reports on trade with Russia; this, in turn, later led to the 1785 investigative mission.

...h Westerners, including individuals from England, France, the Netherlands, Russia, and the United States, among others, in the 1840s-1850s.

...rsburg]], which settled territorial disputes in Xinjiang between China and Russia.<ref name=britan>"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282770/Ili-cri

...e Emperor himself, and not to functionaries. They are denied and return to Russia without a direct audience with the Emperor.

...osed, leaving [[Guangzhou]] as the chief active southern port in China. ([[Russia|Russian]] trade at northern ports continues.)

...u was a [[Qing Dynasty]] scholar-official and diplomat whose dealings with Russia and Japan created considerable international tensions in and around [[1880] ...as drafted in September [[1879]] which granted considerable concessions to Russia, including 3/4 of the Ili Valley which Qing forces had only recently won in

...rried Russian sailors castaway at [[Heda]] ([[Izu province]]) back home to Russia. They also expressed their interest in Japan signing a trade treaty with Ge

...Taiwan, parts of China, Japan, the Korean peninsula, [[Ezo]], and parts of Russia, with colors indicating national/cultural boundaries. Sakamaki-Hawley Colle ...he Ryûkyûs, the Ogasawara Islands, China - with several provinces labeled, Russia, and northern islands including [[Sakhalin]] and the [[Kuriles]].

...l, he traveled again to Japan in 1911, as part of a longer voyage visiting Russia, Egypt, Nubia, China, and Korea; he also visited New York in 1924.

...ji 宝泉寺 to discuss terms relating to the return of a portion of the crew to Russia; Russian agreement to American sailors being allowed to remain in [[Shimoda

Adam Laxman was sent as an official envoy from Russia to repatriate a number of Japanese castaways, and to negotiate for trade re

...by [[Yevfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin]] to carry a portion of his crew home to Russia while he remained temporarily in Japan.

* ''Japan (Second Division) Vs. [[Russia]] ([[Vladivostok]] Squadron)'' *McLaughlin, Stephen. ''From Riurik to Riurik: Russia's Armoured Cruisers'' Warship 1999-2000. London: Conway Maritime Press 1999

...te castaway [[Daikokuya Kodayu|Daikokuya Kôdayû]] about his experiences in Russia, after which he submitted a report entitled ''Hokusa bunryaku'' to the shog

...the first to officially set agreed-upon national borders between Japan and Russia in regards to the [[Kuril Islands]], and indeed the first to set modern nat ...Chôraku-ji]] - Buddhist temple where the Treaty of Shimoda ([[1855]]) with Russia was negotiated and signed.

...repairs, and supplies to ships of both these warring nations (Britain and Russia). He was not empowered to negotiate any true diplomatic agreements, let alo

...s, and shortly before the signing of new treaties with the United Kingdom, Russia, France, and the Netherlands. The position of ''Kaibô kakari'' (coastal af

...hey saw such success that some expanded overseas, establishing branches in Russia, Japan, and Singapore.<ref>Albert M. Craig, ''The Heritage of Chinese Civil

...ch, it was believed, could fall into the hands of Japan's enemies, such as Russia, which posed a threat on Japan's northern borders), and was sentenced with

...nning of a Scramble for Concessions, as Germany (in retaliation), and then Russia, Britain, France, and Japan (seeking to not lose out to Germany), seize ter

.../9/7 (Oct 24) - The shogunate signs a supplementary commercial treaty with Russia.

In the terms of the treaty, Russia recognized Japan’s dominant political, economic, and military position in

...of the China-Korea border. However, due to the [[Triple Intervention]] of Russia, Germany, and France, which feared the growth of Japanese power/influence,

The Treaty of Nerchinsk, signed between [[Qing Dynasty]] China and Tsarist Russia, established the borders between the two empires.

...Japanese workers at Hidaya's fishery. Some initial reports suggested the [[Russia]]ns played some role in inciting the violence, but this seems unlikely.

*1854/2/29 (March 27) Crimean War: Britain and France declare war on Russia. *Expeditionary forces of the [[Russia-America Company]] occupy [[Sakhalin Island]]; the action, and subsequent Ru

*[[Russia]]n forces moving overland across Siberia reach the Pacific Ocean for the fi

*[[Russia]] and Japan attempt to negotiate a peaceful solution to tensions over influ

...3.</ref> he explained that Britain was currently [[Crimean War|at war with Russia]], and requested permission from the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] to freely come

...'s Folly - The United States purchases Alaska from Emperor Alexander II of Russia.

...and Commerce|Netherlands]], [[Russo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce|Russia]], [[Franco-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce|France]], and [[Anglo-Jap

...led the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] (IJN) to victory over that of Imperial Russia in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of [[1904]]-[[1905]].

...es of important documents, such as diplomatic communications to be sent to Russia. He also worked with [[Shibano Ritsuzan]] to survey the temples and shrines

*Russia promises to withdraw its troops from Manchuria, in the wake of the [[Boxer

*1904/2/6 Diplomatic relations are broken off with Russia.

...contributions to the defense of [[Ezo]] ([[Hokkaido|Hokkaidô]]) against [[Russia]]n encroachment, the [[han|domain's]] ''[[kokudaka]]'' was increased to 200

...e American and French Revolutions, and unlike the Communist Revolutions in Russia and China, the Meiji Restoration was not led by commoners or peasants, but

...a, and certain surrounding territories; Central Asia, the Middle East, and Russia fell under separate Khans or Ilkhans.

...ned with the [[Convention of Kanagawa|United States]], [[Treaty of Shimoda|Russia]], and the [[Anglo-Japanese Convention of 1854|United Kingdom]] in [[1854]]

*1881/3/13 Emperor Alexander II of Russia is killed.

...Taiwan, parts of China, Japan, the Korean peninsula, [[Ezo]], and parts of Russia, with colors indicating national/cultural boundaries. Sakamaki-Hawley Colle

...uding five submarines, as well as several warships captured from China and Russia.

*Russia secures lease to [[Port Arthur]] on the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], providing i

*Ansei 1/12/21 (Feb 7) [[Treaty of Shimoda]] signed between Russia and Japan.

...e victory in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] in [[1905]], from which he claimed Russia recovered quite quickly, to such a degree that one might even think it was

**6/24 Russia sends troops to Karafuto.

*1906/6/1 Cession of Southern [[Karafuto]] from Russia.([[Treaty of Portsmouth]])

...[Russo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce]] is signed between Japan and Russia.

...ins, capturing much of Central Asia, Persia, the Middle East, and parts of Russia by the time of his death in [[1227]]. By that time, he also captured [[Beij ...Moscow, Kiev, and a significant area to the east of that, in what is today Russia).

...the next several days, extending the events connected to the victory over Russia further.

...oned the shogunate to take action to defend the northern borders against [[Russia]]n encroachment.<ref>David Howell, "Is Ainu History Japanese History?," in

...go Tsugumichi|Saigô Tsugumichi]] presents the case for the threat posed by Russia, and the need for a standing army, citing standard practices in Europe and

...the basis of national security, to ensure Korea not fall into the hands of Russia or any other Western power, others disagreed vehemently. In the end, the de ...s. In [[1895]], for example, representatives from the US, UK, Germany, and Russia agreed that Japan should not be given exclusive rights to railroad or teleg

...ses S. Grant]], King [[Kalakaua]] of Hawaii, Tsarevitch [[Nicholas II]] of Russia, and a number of British royals, among others. The emperor never learned to

...(1875)|Treaty of St. Petersburg]] - Japan's territorial agreements with [[Russia]] are revised; the [[Kuril Islands]] become Japanese territory, in exchange

...he north, Matsumae was also the chief domain which had interactions with [[Russia]]n explorers, traders, and military. Fears of Russian encroachment in the l

...and Commerce|Netherlands]], [[Russo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce|Russia]], the [[Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce|United Kingdom]], and

* ''Japan (The Combined Fleet) Vs. [[Russia]] (Second and Third Pacific Squadrons)'' In October 1904, Russia's Baltic Fleet, now renamed the [[Second Pacific Squadron]], was preparing

...eclaring national borders; this was the [[Treaty of Shimoda]], signed with Russia, which declared the island of [[Iturup]] and everything south of it within ...mmerce|the United Kingdom]], [[Russo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce|Russia]], and [[Franco-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce|France]]. These treat

...of the China-Korea border. However, due to the [[Triple Intervention]] of Russia, Germany, and France, which feared the growth of Japanese power/influence,

...contributions to the defense of [[Ezo]] ([[Hokkaido|Hokkaidô]]) against [[Russia]]n encroachment. [[Nanbu Toshinori]] was the lord of Morioka at this time.

...mmerce|the United Kingdom]], [[Russo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce|Russia]], and [[Franco-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce|France]] in the prece

...o'' survived into the modern period, eventually opening branches in Japan, Russia, and Singapore.<ref name=craig101/> ...rritory" (Xinjiang) in [[1768]]. Further border disputes between China and Russia over areas of Xinjiang would be addressed by a [[Treaty of St. Petersburg (

...gement'', Harvard University Press (2009), 102.</ref> followed by actual [[Russia]]n incursions and expansion into the northernmost parts of the territory be The [[1855]] [[Treaty of Shimoda]] resolved these tensions between Russia and Japan to a certain extent, as it declared [[Iturup]] and all the island

...d there and conveyed to officials in Amami false but alarming reports of [[Russia]]n plans to attack [[Ezo]] (i.e. Hokkaidô).<ref>Hellyer, 102.</ref>

...mmediately; some of Holland used it soon; the English changed in 1752; and Russia in 1918. Because of the distance from Europe, the Jesuits in Japan probably

...iod. Though the volume of this trade is unclear, some amount of goods from Russia, and from indigenous tribal groups such as the Nivkh and Uilta, were then i The first agreements between Japan and Russia as to a defined national border between them were made in [[1855]]; Ezo was

...dal service. The decision to not invade Korea, and to not stand up against Russia militarily in Sakhalin, was seen by many former samurai as the nail in the ...their suzerain-tributary relationship with Korea. Tensions between China, Russia, Japan, and the Western powers over securing a sphere of influence in Korea

...elegram arrived informing everyone of the death of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. In accordance with European royal etiquette, both Kalākaua and his men, a

...United States. Vietnamese socialist ideology, borrowed from that of Soviet Russia, identified four conflicts in the world: those between the socialist countr

...Tumen River (today the eastern part of North Korea's border with China and Russia) guarded these settlements.<ref>Adam Bohnet, “Ruling Ideology and Margina

...similar [[Unequal Treaties]] with France and England in [[1855]], and with Russia and the Netherlands in [[1857]]. That first American consul, [[Townsend Har