Difference between revisions of "Tokugawa clan"

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[[File:Kaneiji-kamon.JPG|left|thumb|The Tokugawa ''kamon'', as seen on the gates of [[Kan'ei-jii]].]]  
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[[File:Kaneiji-kamon.JPG|left|thumb|The Tokugawa ''kamon'', as seen on the gates of [[Kan'ei-ji]].]]  
  
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*''Japanese'': [[徳川]]家 ''(Tokugawa-ke)''
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*''Japanese'': [[徳川]] 家 ''(Tokugawa-ke)''
  
 
The Tokugawa served as the [[Shogun|Shôgun]] of Japan from [[1603]] until [[1867]] and were therefore the longest - and most stable - of Japan's three [[Bakufu|bakufu]]. The Tokugawa's actual roots are obscure for while [[Tokugawa Ieyasu|Ieyasu]] claimed descent from the Nitta and therefore the Seiwa-Minamoto, there seems to be little historical evidence of this. The genealogy Ieyasu commissioned claimed that a branch of the Kôzuke Nitta had taken the name Tokugawa and later transferred to [[Mikawa province]], where it was adopted into the [[Matsudaira clan]]. In fact, Ieyasu also maintained an alternate family history that suggested Fujiwara roots - which supports the supposition that the Tokugawa's early family tree was largely made out of whole cloth. The Tokugawa were 'officially' restored when Ieyasu petitioned the court to allow him to use the name Tokugawa in [[1566]].
 
The Tokugawa served as the [[Shogun|Shôgun]] of Japan from [[1603]] until [[1867]] and were therefore the longest - and most stable - of Japan's three [[Bakufu|bakufu]]. The Tokugawa's actual roots are obscure for while [[Tokugawa Ieyasu|Ieyasu]] claimed descent from the Nitta and therefore the Seiwa-Minamoto, there seems to be little historical evidence of this. The genealogy Ieyasu commissioned claimed that a branch of the Kôzuke Nitta had taken the name Tokugawa and later transferred to [[Mikawa province]], where it was adopted into the [[Matsudaira clan]]. In fact, Ieyasu also maintained an alternate family history that suggested Fujiwara roots - which supports the supposition that the Tokugawa's early family tree was largely made out of whole cloth. The Tokugawa were 'officially' restored when Ieyasu petitioned the court to allow him to use the name Tokugawa in [[1566]].
  
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They became the new Shôgun following the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] ([[1600]]) and a formal endorsement by the court in [[1603]]. Ieyasu established three branch families whose role it was to provide heirs when the main line was unable to do so - these branches, the [[Kii Tokugawa clan|Kii]], [[Mito Tokugawa clan|Mito]], and [[Owari Tokugawa clan|Owari]] lines, came to be known as the ''[[Gosanke]]''  (lit. "honorable three houses"), and were of particularly elite status within Edo period Japan. To these would in time be added a number of junior branches, namely, the [[Hitotsubashi Tokugawa clan|Hitotsubashi]], [[Shimizu Tokugawa clan|Shimizu]], and [[Tayasu Tokugawa clan|Tayasu]]. Along with other members of the Matsudaira clan, the lords of these lines were known collectively as the ''[[shinpan]] daimyô''.
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They became the new Shôgun following the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] ([[1600]]) and a formal endorsement by the court in [[1603]]. Ieyasu established three branch families whose role it was to provide heirs when the main line was unable to do so - these branches, the [[Kii Tokugawa clan|Kii]], [[Mito Tokugawa clan|Mito]], and [[Owari Tokugawa clan|Owari]] lines, came to be known as the ''[[Gosanke]]''  (lit. "honorable three houses"), and were of particularly elite status within Edo period Japan. To these would in time be added a number of junior branches known collectively as the ''[[Gosankyo|Gosankyô]]'': namely, the [[Hitotsubashi Tokugawa clan|Hitotsubashi]], [[Shimizu Tokugawa clan|Shimizu]], and [[Tayasu Tokugawa clan|Tayasu]]. Along with roughly seventeen families retaining the name "Matsudaira," the lords of these lines were known collectively as the ''kamon'' or ''[[shinpan]] daimyô'', or as "collateral" houses. Members of these six lineages (the ''gosanke'' and the ''gosankyô''), along with those of the mainline Tokugawa lineage, were the only ones eligible to become shogun. However, members of these collateral houses were not eligible to become ''[[roju|rôjû]]''.<ref>Mitani Hiroshi, David Noble (trans.), ''Escape from Impasse'', International House of Japan (2006), xxiv-xxv.</ref>
  
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"Tokugawa," like [[Taira clan|Taira]], [[Fujiwara clan|Fujiwara]], [[Minamoto clan|Minamoto]], and [[Toyotomi clan|Toyotomi]], was an aristocratic clan name, bestowed by the Emperor. This set the Tokugawa apart from those who bore merely a samurai surname, such as Matsudaira,<ref>Only certain branches of Ieyasu's family - the ''Gosanke'' and junior branches mentioned above - were permitted to use the name Tokugawa; lesser branches continued to use the name Matsudaira.</ref> and who were thus ''[[jigenin]]'', outsiders to the Court aristocracy.
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"Tokugawa," like [[Taira clan|Taira]], [[Fujiwara clan|Fujiwara]], [[Minamoto clan|Minamoto]], and [[Toyotomi clan|Toyotomi]], was an aristocratic clan name, bestowed by the Emperor. This set the Tokugawa apart from those who bore merely a samurai surname, such as Matsudaira,<ref>Only certain branches of Ieyasu's family - the ''Gosanke'' and ''Gosankyô'' mentioned above - were permitted to use the name Tokugawa; lesser branches continued to use the name Matsudaira.</ref> and who were thus ''[[jigenin]]'', outsiders to the Court aristocracy.
  
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The clan survives today, with Tokugawa Tsunenari (b. 1940) being considered the eighteenth head of the clan. Tsunenari has published a book called ''Edo no idenshi'', published in English as ''The Edo Inheritance'', in which he argues against the [[Meiji period]] idea that the [[Edo period]] was a "dark ages," and that the Tokugawa shogunate held Japan back. He regularly attends or presides over special occasions, such as the upcoming 400th annual memorial service for Tokugawa Ieyasu, to be held in 2016.<ref>"[http://ajw.asahi.com/article/views/vox/AJ201510260013 VOX POPULI: Revisiting the legend of the 1st Tokugawa shogun]," ''Asahi Shinbun'', 25 Oct 2015.</ref>
  
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==Tokugawa Lineage==
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*[[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] - first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate<ref>Lineage in part from "[http://www.tokugawa.ne.jp/about_tokugawa.htm Tokugawa-ke ni tsuite]," Tokugawa Memorial Foundation.</ref>
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**[[Tokugawa Nobuyasu]] - eldest son of Ieyasu, founder of [[Matsudaira clan (Echizen)]]
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**[[Yuki Hideyasu|Yûki Hideyasu]] - second son of Ieyasu
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**[[Tokugawa Hidetada]] - third son of Ieyasu; second Tokugawa shogun
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***[[Oeyo]] - wife of Hidetada, daughter of [[Asai Nagamasa]] and [[Oichi]]
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***[[Hoshina Masayuki]] - third son of Hidetada by a concubine; lord of [[Aizu han]]
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***[[Tofukumon-in|Tôfukumon-in]] - daughter of Hidetada & Oeyo; empress consort to [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]]
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***[[Senhime]] - daughter of Hidetada & Oeyo; wife of [[Toyotomi Hideyori]]
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***[[Tokugawa Tadanaga]] - son of Hidetada & Oeyo, lord of [[Kofu han|Kôfu]]
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***[[Tokugawa Iemitsu]] - son of Hidetada & Oeyo, third Tokugawa shogun
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****[[Tokugawa Ietsuna]] - son of Iemitsu, fourth Tokugawa shogun
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****[[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi]] - son of Iemitsu & [[Keishoin|Keishôin]], fifth Tokugawa shogun
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****[[Tokugawa Tsunashige]] - son of Iemitsu
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*****[[Tokugawa Ienobu]] - son of Tsunashige, sixth Tokugawa shogun
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******[[Tokugawa Ietsugu]] - son of Ienobu, seventh Tokugawa shogun
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**[[Tokugawa Tadayoshi]] - fourth son of Ieyasu
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**[[Tokugawa Yoshinao]] - seventh son of Ieyasu, founder of [[Owari Tokugawa clan]]
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***[[Tokugawa Mitsutomo]] - son of Yoshinao
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**[[Tokugawa Yorinobu]] - eighth son of Ieyasu, founder of [[Kishu Tokugawa clan|Kishû Tokugawa clan]]
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***[[Tokugawa Mitsusada]] - son of Yorinobu
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****[[Tokugawa Yoshimune]] - son of Mitsusada, eighth Tokugawa shogun
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*****[[Tokugawa Ieshige]] - son of Yoshimune, ninth Tokugawa shogun
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******[[Tokugawa Ieharu]] - son of Ieshige, tenth Tokugawa shogun
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******[[Tokugawa Shigeyoshi]] - son of Ieshige, founder of [[Shimizu Tokugawa clan]]
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*****[[Tokugawa Munetake]] - son of Yoshimune, founder of [[Tayasu Tokugawa clan]]
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*****[[Tokugawa Munetada]] - son of Yoshimune, founder of [[Hitotsubashi Tokugawa clan]]
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******[[Tokugawa Harusada]] - son of Munetada
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*******[[Tokugawa Ienari]] - son of Harusada, eleventh Tokugawa shogun
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********[[Kodai-in|Kôdai-in]] - wife of Ienari
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********[[Tokugawa Ieyoshi]] - son of Ienari, twelfth Tokugawa shogun
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*********[[Tokugawa Iesada]] - son of Ieyoshi, thirteenth Tokugawa shogun
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**********[[Atsu-hime]] - wife of Iesada
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********[[Tokugawa Nariyuki]] - son of Ienari
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*********[[Tokugawa Iemochi]] - son of Nariyuki, fourteenth Tokugawa shogun
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**********[[Kazu-no-Miya]] - wife of Iemochi, daughter of [[Emperor Ninko|Emperor Ninkô]]
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**[[Tokugawa Yorifusa]] - ninth son of Ieyasu, founder of [[Mito Tokugawa clan]]
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***[[Matsudaira Yorishige]] - son of Yorifusa
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***[[Tokugawa Mitsukuni]] - son of Yorifusa
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****[[Tokugawa Nariaki]] - descendant of Yorifusa, lord of Mito
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*****[[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]] - son of Nariaki, fifteenth and final Tokugawa shogun
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******[[Tokugawa Iesato]] - son of Yoshinobu
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*******Tokugawa Iemasa - son of Iesato
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********Tokugawa Tsunenari - son of Matsudaira Ichirô; adopted son of Iemasa
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*********Tokugawa Iehiro - son of Tsunenari
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==Generals of the Tokugawa clan during the Sengoku Period==
 
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Latest revision as of 17:59, 15 March 2016

The Tokugawa kamon, as seen on the gates of Kan'ei-ji.
  • Japanese: 徳川 家 (Tokugawa-ke)

The Tokugawa served as the Shôgun of Japan from 1603 until 1867 and were therefore the longest - and most stable - of Japan's three bakufu. The Tokugawa's actual roots are obscure for while Ieyasu claimed descent from the Nitta and therefore the Seiwa-Minamoto, there seems to be little historical evidence of this. The genealogy Ieyasu commissioned claimed that a branch of the Kôzuke Nitta had taken the name Tokugawa and later transferred to Mikawa province, where it was adopted into the Matsudaira clan. In fact, Ieyasu also maintained an alternate family history that suggested Fujiwara roots - which supports the supposition that the Tokugawa's early family tree was largely made out of whole cloth. The Tokugawa were 'officially' restored when Ieyasu petitioned the court to allow him to use the name Tokugawa in 1566.

They became the new Shôgun following the Battle of Sekigahara (1600) and a formal endorsement by the court in 1603. Ieyasu established three branch families whose role it was to provide heirs when the main line was unable to do so - these branches, the Kii, Mito, and Owari lines, came to be known as the Gosanke (lit. "honorable three houses"), and were of particularly elite status within Edo period Japan. To these would in time be added a number of junior branches known collectively as the Gosankyô: namely, the Hitotsubashi, Shimizu, and Tayasu. Along with roughly seventeen families retaining the name "Matsudaira," the lords of these lines were known collectively as the kamon or shinpan daimyô, or as "collateral" houses. Members of these six lineages (the gosanke and the gosankyô), along with those of the mainline Tokugawa lineage, were the only ones eligible to become shogun. However, members of these collateral houses were not eligible to become rôjû.[1]

"Tokugawa," like Taira, Fujiwara, Minamoto, and Toyotomi, was an aristocratic clan name, bestowed by the Emperor. This set the Tokugawa apart from those who bore merely a samurai surname, such as Matsudaira,[2] and who were thus jigenin, outsiders to the Court aristocracy.

The clan survives today, with Tokugawa Tsunenari (b. 1940) being considered the eighteenth head of the clan. Tsunenari has published a book called Edo no idenshi, published in English as The Edo Inheritance, in which he argues against the Meiji period idea that the Edo period was a "dark ages," and that the Tokugawa shogunate held Japan back. He regularly attends or presides over special occasions, such as the upcoming 400th annual memorial service for Tokugawa Ieyasu, to be held in 2016.[3]

Tokugawa Lineage

Generals of the Tokugawa clan during the Sengoku Period

Generals of the Tokugawa clan during the Sengoku Period

References

  1. ↑ Mitani Hiroshi, David Noble (trans.), Escape from Impasse, International House of Japan (2006), xxiv-xxv.
  2. ↑ Only certain branches of Ieyasu's family - the Gosanke and Gosankyô mentioned above - were permitted to use the name Tokugawa; lesser branches continued to use the name Matsudaira.
  3. ↑ "VOX POPULI: Revisiting the legend of the 1st Tokugawa shogun," Asahi Shinbun, 25 Oct 2015.
  4. ↑ Lineage in part from "Tokugawa-ke ni tsuite," Tokugawa Memorial Foundation.
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