Difference between revisions of "Saigo Takamori"
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[[Image:Saigo.JPG|right|thumb|Statue of Saigô Takamori by sculptor [[Takamura Koun|Takamura Kôun]] in [[Ueno Park]]. Unveiled [[1898]]/12/18.<ref>Conrad Schirokauer, David Lurie, and Suzanne Gay, A Brief History of Japanese Civilization, Wadsworth Cengage (2013), 176.</ref>]] | [[Image:Saigo.JPG|right|thumb|Statue of Saigô Takamori by sculptor [[Takamura Koun|Takamura Kôun]] in [[Ueno Park]]. Unveiled [[1898]]/12/18.<ref>Conrad Schirokauer, David Lurie, and Suzanne Gay, A Brief History of Japanese Civilization, Wadsworth Cengage (2013), 176.</ref>]] | ||
* ''Born: [[1828]]'' | * ''Born: [[1828]]'' | ||
| − | * ''Died: [[1877]]'' | + | * ''Died: [[1877]]/9/24'' |
*''Other Names'': 古吉 ''(Kokichi)'', 吉之助 ''(Kichinosuke)'', 南洲 ''(Nanshuu)'', 南洲翁 ''(Nanshuu Ou)'' | *''Other Names'': 古吉 ''(Kokichi)'', 吉之助 ''(Kichinosuke)'', 南洲 ''(Nanshuu)'', 南洲翁 ''(Nanshuu Ou)'' | ||
* ''Japanese'': [[西郷]] 隆盛 ''(Saigou Takamori)'' | * ''Japanese'': [[西郷]] 隆盛 ''(Saigou Takamori)'' | ||
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==Early Life== | ==Early Life== | ||
| − | Saigô was born in [[1828]] in the Shita-Kajiya-machi neighborhood of [[Kagoshima]]. His childhood name was Kokichi. He was also known as Kichinosuke, and later took on the [[art-name|pseudonym]] (''gô'') Nanshû. As a youth, he served as ''nise gashira'' (youth leader), and submitted opinions on agricultural administration which attracted the attention of Lord [[Shimazu Nariakira]], who then made Saigô one of his advisors. | + | Saigô was born in [[1828]] in the Shita-Kajiya-machi neighborhood of [[Kagoshima]]. His childhood name was Kokichi. He was also known as Kichinosuke, and later took on the [[art-name|pseudonym]] (''gô'') Nanshû. As a youth, he served as ''nise gashira'' (youth leader), and submitted opinions on agricultural administration which attracted the attention of Lord [[Shimazu Nariakira]], who then made Saigô one of his advisors in [[1854]]. |
| − | When Nariakira died suddenly, Saigô joined the monk [[Gessho|Gesshô]] in a desperate act of loyalty, as both attempted to drown themselves in Kinko Bay in order to [[junshi|join their lord in death]]. Saigô survived, however, and was then exiled to [[Amami Oshima|Amami Ôshima]]. | + | When Nariakira died suddenly in [[1858]], Saigô joined the monk [[Gessho|Gesshô]] in a desperate act of loyalty, as both attempted to drown themselves in Kinko Bay in order to [[junshi|join their lord in death]]. Saigô survived, however, and was then exiled to [[Amami Oshima|Amami Ôshima]]. In [[1862]]/2, he was called to the capital, but was exiled again, to [[Tokunoshima]] in the sixth month, and then to [[Okinoerabu Island]] in the 8th month.<ref name=death>Plaque at site of Saigô's death, Shiroyama, Kagoshima.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/19641624728/sizes/k/]</ref> |
==Bakumatsu== | ==Bakumatsu== | ||
| − | After returning from his exile, Saigô joined [[Okubo Toshimichi|Ôkubo Toshimichi]] and others in agitating for the toppling of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]. | + | After returning from his exile in [[1864]], Saigô took up an official military position in the Satsuma domain government, and also joined [[Okubo Toshimichi|Ôkubo Toshimichi]] and others in agitating for the toppling of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]. The following year he became head of the guard (''Ôban-no-kami''). Saigô then met with [[Katsura Kogoro|Katsura Kogorô]] in [[1866]] to negotiate and establish the [[Sat-Cho Alliance|Sat-Chô Alliance]] between Satsuma and [[Choshu han|Chôshû domains]]. |
| − | Saigô then went on to be one of the chief leaders of both the political/ideological and military campaigns against the shogunate, and was directly involved in negotiating the peaceful surrender of [[Edo castle]] in [[1868]]. | + | Saigô then went on to be one of the chief leaders of both the political/ideological and military campaigns against the shogunate, and was directly involved in negotiating the peaceful surrender of [[Edo castle]] in [[1868]]/4. |
==Meiji Period== | ==Meiji Period== | ||
| − | Following the [[Meiji Restoration]], Saigô | + | Following the [[Meiji Restoration]], Saigô served briefly as ''[[Daisanji]]''<!--大参事--> in Kagoshima,<ref name=death/> before relocating to [[Tokyo]] in [[1871]] to become one of the inner circle of leaders of [[Meiji government|the new government]]. He played a key role in suggesting, formulating, and enacting numerous major policies, including the [[abolition of the han]]. |
| − | When [[Iwakura Tomomi]], Ôkubo Toshimichi, Katsura Kogorô, and a number of other top government ministers left Japan on [[Iwakura mission|a major mission to Europe and the US]] in 1871, Saigô stayed behind and took over much of the top-level governmental administration. | + | When [[Iwakura Tomomi]], Ôkubo Toshimichi, Katsura Kogorô, and a number of other top government ministers left Japan on [[Iwakura mission|a major mission to Europe and the US]] in 1871, Saigô stayed behind and took over much of the top-level governmental administration. The following year, he was named Army General (''rikugun gensui'') and governor-general of the imperial guard (''Konoe totoku'').<ref name=death/> |
| − | When Iwakura and the others returned in [[1873]], however, a factional dispute emerged which split the government. Saigô supported [[Seikanron|proposals to invade Korea]] at this time, believing that only with China and Korea on her side could Japan hope to successfully resist the West; he expressed in a letter to [[Itagaki Taisuke]] in that year that he was willing to go so far as to travel to Korea as an ambassador and arrange for himself to be killed in order to manufacture a justification for invasion.<ref>Schirokauer, et al., 171.; Wm. Theodore de Bary, Tsunoda Ryûsaku, and Donald Keene, ''Sources of Japanese Tradition'', vol 1., Columbia University Press (1964), 147-149.</ref> The invasion was ardently opposed by his younger brother [[Saigo Tsugumichi|Saigô Tsugumichi]], among many others, and the dispute ended in Saigô voluntarily leaving the government and returning to Kagoshima. There, he established a private academy called the [[Shigakko|Shigakkô]], and began training a new generation of Satsuma political and military leaders. | + | When Iwakura and the others returned in [[1873]], however, a factional dispute emerged which split the government. Saigô supported [[Seikanron|proposals to invade Korea]] at this time, believing that only with China and Korea on her side could Japan hope to successfully resist the West; he expressed in a letter to [[Itagaki Taisuke]] in that year that he was willing to go so far as to travel to Korea as an ambassador and arrange for himself to be killed in order to manufacture a justification for invasion.<ref>Schirokauer, et al., 171.; Wm. Theodore de Bary, Tsunoda Ryûsaku, and Donald Keene, ''Sources of Japanese Tradition'', vol 1., Columbia University Press (1964), 147-149.</ref> The invasion was ardently opposed by his younger brother [[Saigo Tsugumichi|Saigô Tsugumichi]], among many others, and the dispute ended in Saigô voluntarily leaving the government and returning to Kagoshima in November 1873. There, he established a private academy called the [[Shigakko|Shigakkô]], and began training a new generation of Satsuma political and military leaders. |
| − | In [[1877]], he led these men and others in the [[Satsuma Rebellion]], the largest ''[[shizoku]]'' (former samurai) uprising against the Meiji government. The rebellion was ultimately unsuccessful, and Saigô died making a last stand at [[battle of Shiroyama|Shiroyama]] in Kagoshima, fighting against the very Restoration government he had fought to establish a decade earlier. | + | In [[1877]], he led these men and others in the [[Satsuma Rebellion]], the largest ''[[shizoku]]'' (former samurai) uprising against the Meiji government. The rebellion was ultimately unsuccessful, and Saigô died on 9/24 making a last stand at [[battle of Shiroyama|Shiroyama]] in Kagoshima, fighting against the very Restoration government he had fought to establish a decade earlier. After Saigô took two bullets, and was cornered by enemy forces, he Saigô performed ''[[seppuku]]'', with [[Beppu Shinsuke]] as his second.<ref name=death/> |
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
Revision as of 12:32, 18 January 2016
- Born: 1828
- Died: 1877/9/24
- Other Names: 古吉 (Kokichi), 吉之助 (Kichinosuke), 南洲 (Nanshuu), 南洲翁 (Nanshuu Ou)
- Japanese: 西郷 隆盛 (Saigou Takamori)
The military leader of Satsuma during the waning days of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Saigô played a pivotal role in the restoration of Imperial rule to Japan. While his daimyo, Shimazu Hisamitsu, tended to vacillate on his position regarding supporting the shogunate or not, Saigô was resolute in his distaste for the Tokugawa regime and was determined to completely crush Tokugawa power at almost any cost. Saigô was one of Sakamoto Ryôma's closest allies and friends, but some historians have speculated that he may have had a hand in Ryôma's assassination by leaking the location of Ryôma's hideout to Bakufu officials. The logic behind this speculation is that Saigô deemed that Ryôma would be a formidable roadblock in his plan to crush the Tokugawa. Surprisingly, Saigô went on to become the commander-in-chief of the Meiji army, laying the groundwork for what became the modern Imperial Japanese Army.
Early Life
Saigô was born in 1828 in the Shita-Kajiya-machi neighborhood of Kagoshima. His childhood name was Kokichi. He was also known as Kichinosuke, and later took on the pseudonym (gô) Nanshû. As a youth, he served as nise gashira (youth leader), and submitted opinions on agricultural administration which attracted the attention of Lord Shimazu Nariakira, who then made Saigô one of his advisors in 1854.
When Nariakira died suddenly in 1858, Saigô joined the monk Gesshô in a desperate act of loyalty, as both attempted to drown themselves in Kinko Bay in order to join their lord in death. Saigô survived, however, and was then exiled to Amami Ôshima. In 1862/2, he was called to the capital, but was exiled again, to Tokunoshima in the sixth month, and then to Okinoerabu Island in the 8th month.[2]
Bakumatsu
After returning from his exile in 1864, Saigô took up an official military position in the Satsuma domain government, and also joined Ôkubo Toshimichi and others in agitating for the toppling of the Tokugawa shogunate. The following year he became head of the guard (Ôban-no-kami). Saigô then met with Katsura Kogorô in 1866 to negotiate and establish the Sat-Chô Alliance between Satsuma and Chôshû domains.
Saigô then went on to be one of the chief leaders of both the political/ideological and military campaigns against the shogunate, and was directly involved in negotiating the peaceful surrender of Edo castle in 1868/4.
Meiji Period
Following the Meiji Restoration, Saigô served briefly as Daisanji in Kagoshima,[2] before relocating to Tokyo in 1871 to become one of the inner circle of leaders of the new government. He played a key role in suggesting, formulating, and enacting numerous major policies, including the abolition of the han.
When Iwakura Tomomi, Ôkubo Toshimichi, Katsura Kogorô, and a number of other top government ministers left Japan on a major mission to Europe and the US in 1871, Saigô stayed behind and took over much of the top-level governmental administration. The following year, he was named Army General (rikugun gensui) and governor-general of the imperial guard (Konoe totoku).[2]
When Iwakura and the others returned in 1873, however, a factional dispute emerged which split the government. Saigô supported proposals to invade Korea at this time, believing that only with China and Korea on her side could Japan hope to successfully resist the West; he expressed in a letter to Itagaki Taisuke in that year that he was willing to go so far as to travel to Korea as an ambassador and arrange for himself to be killed in order to manufacture a justification for invasion.[3] The invasion was ardently opposed by his younger brother Saigô Tsugumichi, among many others, and the dispute ended in Saigô voluntarily leaving the government and returning to Kagoshima in November 1873. There, he established a private academy called the Shigakkô, and began training a new generation of Satsuma political and military leaders.
In 1877, he led these men and others in the Satsuma Rebellion, the largest shizoku (former samurai) uprising against the Meiji government. The rebellion was ultimately unsuccessful, and Saigô died on 9/24 making a last stand at Shiroyama in Kagoshima, fighting against the very Restoration government he had fought to establish a decade earlier. After Saigô took two bullets, and was cornered by enemy forces, he Saigô performed seppuku, with Beppu Shinsuke as his second.[2]
Legacy
Saigô was buried at the Nanshû Cemetery in Kagoshima, alongside more than 2,000 of those also killed in the Satsuma Rebellion, and he was enshrined at the Nanshû Shrine at the cemetery.
He has become one of the most lionized and celebrated figures in Japanese history. Despite his opposition to the State, the Empire, in the end, he is nevertheless celebrated for his bravery, his devotion to his ideals, and his willingness to die for those ideals in 1877, as well as for his successful negotiation of the bloodless transfer of Edo in 1868, where the wars of the Restoration could have otherwise been so much more lengthy and bloody than they were.
A statue of Saigô, designed by Takamura Kôun and erected in Ueno Park in 1898, faces towards the Tokyo Imperial Palace, celebrating him as the leader of the armies which took Edo castle in 1868; it does not face away from the castle, least of all facing towards Kagoshima, which might suggest Saigô's betrayal of the Imperial state and loyalty to his Satsuma samurai roots.[4]
Another significant statue of Saigô was erected in Kagoshima in 1937, and still stands today. Over five meters tall, it was designed by Kagoshima native Andô Teru, who was later killed in air raids in 1945.[5]
References
- Jansen, Marius B. Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration. Columbia University Press, 1994.
- Lanman, Charles. Japan - Its Leading Men D. Lothrop & Co., Boston, 1886.
- Hillsborough, Romulus. RYOMA- Life of a Renaissance Samurai. Ridgeback Press, 1999
- ↑ Conrad Schirokauer, David Lurie, and Suzanne Gay, A Brief History of Japanese Civilization, Wadsworth Cengage (2013), 176.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Plaque at site of Saigô's death, Shiroyama, Kagoshima.[1]
- ↑ Schirokauer, et al., 171.; Wm. Theodore de Bary, Tsunoda Ryûsaku, and Donald Keene, Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol 1., Columbia University Press (1964), 147-149.
- ↑ Takashi Fujitani, Splendid Monarchy, University of California Press (1996), 91-92.
- ↑ Plaques at statue of Saigô Takamori in Kagoshima.[2][3]
