Minamoto clan

The Minamoto sasarindô crest, seen on the stone stairs to the grave of Minamoto no Yoritomo in Kamakura

• Japanese: 源氏 (Minamoto-shi, Genji)

The Minamoto clan was a prominent clan in the Heian period, and the clan from which all shogun have claimed descent. Defeating the Taira clan in the Genpei War (1180-1185) and uniting Japan, the Minamoto established the first shogunate, marking the rise of the samurai class and the beginning of a period of over 600 years during which Japan would be under samurai (warrior) rule.

History

Along with the Fujiwara, Tachibana, and Taira clans, the Minamoto were one of four clans which dominated Heian politics and court society. Originally an honorary surname granted by the emperor, the Minamoto originally served as agents of the court, suppressing rebellions and guarding the state's borders.

In the 11th and 12th centuries, struggles for power emerged within the Imperial court. Though the sides in these conflicts were originally not drawn along clan lines, by the middle of the 12th century, the conflict came to be primarily one between the Minamoto and Taira clans. The Hôgen Disturbance of 1156 is frequently cited as marking this dramatic shift. Both sides in the conflict included members of the Taira, Minamoto, and Fujiwara clans, but the end of the conflict set the stage for rivalry to develop between the Minamoto, led by Minamoto no Yoshitomo, and the Taira, led by Taira no Kiyomori. The two clans faced off three years later, in the 1159 Heiji Disturbance, which ended in a Taira victory. Several of Yoshitomo's sons were killed, and several exiled, Yoshitomo himself being killed shortly later. Kiyomori came to dominate the Imperial court, establishing the first informal samurai-dominated government.

Twenty years passed, as the Minamoto, scattered and defeated, gradually regained strength and unity. In 1180, Minamoto no Yorimasa, then head of the clan, came to support Prince Mochihito, one of several contenders for the Throne, in standing in opposition to Kiyomori's government and to his choice for the Throne. The clan rose in a call to arms, allying with the warrior monks of Mt. Hiei, and others, against the Taira, in a conflict which would come to be known as the Genpei War. For the next five years, the Minamoto and Taira battled over control of the country. Yorimasa committed seppuku at the battle of Uji, the first battle of the war, and Kiyomori died soon afterwards of illness, leaving Minamoto no Yoritomo and Taira no Munemori as heads of the two clans. Though the Minamoto initially faced repeated defeats in the early years of the war, following a Minamoto victory at Kurikara in 1183, the tide of the war began to turn. Despite internal clan conflicts, the Minamoto eventually achieved victory over the Taira, the war coming to an end with the battle of Dan no ura in 1185. The Taira clan would be hunted down and all but exterminated in the months and years immediately following.

Minamoto no Yoritomo was named shogun in 1192, governing from his traditional base of operations in Kamakura. The Kamakura shogunate would last roughly 150 years, until 1333, but only the first three shogun would bear the Minamoto name. Following Yoritomo's death in 1199, Hôjô Tokimasa, the father of Yoritomo's wife Hôjô Masako, claimed the title of shogunal regent (shikken). This post then became hereditary within the Hôjô clan, who came to wield the true power, dominating the shogunate and thus the country. The assassination of the third shogun, Minamoto no Sanetomo, in 1219, marked the end of the Seiwa Genji lineage of the Minamoto clan, and the end of the Minamoto's period of historical prominence.

The Ashikaga and Tokugawa clans, which would rule as shogun from 1336-1573 and 1603-1867 respectively, claimed descent from the Minamoto, thus implying a connection to a strong warrior heritage and to the rulers of the past, and contributing to ideological constructions of legitimacy.

Selected members of the Minamoto clan

• Minamoto no Tsunemoto 源経基(894-961)
  • Grandson of Emperor Seiwa, founder of the Heike clan; helped to defeat Fujiwara no Sumitomo
• Minamoto no Mitsunaka 源満仲 (912-997)
  • Son of Tsunemoto
• Minamoto no Yorimitsu - 源頼光 (944?-1021)
  • Eldest son of Mitsunaka. aka Minamoto Raikô.
• Minamoto no Yorinobu 源頼信 (968-1048)
  • Third son of Mitsunaka, founder of the Kawachi Genji; suppressed revolt of Taira Tadatsune
• Minamoto no Yoriyoshi - 源頼義 (998-1082)
  • Eldest son of Yorinobu; accompanied him on his campaigns.
• Minamoto no Yoshiie - 源義家 (1039-1106)
  • Eldest son of Yoriyoshi; known as Hachiman Tarô. He was one of the most renowned heroes of the period.
• Minamoto no Yoshimitsu - 源義光 (1045-1127)
  • Brother of Yoshiie, helped him in his wars in Mutsu province
• Minamoto no Tameyoshi- 源為義 (1096-1156)
  • Granson of Yoshitsuna. During the Hôgen Disturbance he fought against Taira no Kiyomori and was put to death.
• Minamoto no Yorimasa　源頼政(1106-1180)
  • Supporter of Emperor Go-Shirakawa; fought against Taira Kiyomori.
• Minamoto no Yoshitomo 源義朝(1123-1160)
  • Son of Tameyoshi; during the Hôgen disturbance fought for Taira Kiyomori against the other Minamotos, but fought against him in the Heiji Disturbance and was killed.
• Minamoto no Yoshikata 源義賢(d. 1155)
  • Son of Tameyoshi; was killed in the Hôgen Disturbance by Yoshihira.
• Minamoto no Yukiie 源行家(d. 1186)
  • Son of Tameyoshi; first supported Yoritomo, but then sided with Yoshitsune and was killed.
• Minamoto no Yoshihira 源義平(1140-1160)
  • Eldest son of Yoshitomo; fought with his father in the Hôgen and Heiji Disturbances, but was executed after the Heiji Disturbance.
• Minamoto no Yoritomo- 源頼朝 (1147-1199)
  • Son of Yoshitomo, destroyed the Taira and established the Kamakura shogunate.
• Minamoto no Yoshinaka (Kiso Yoshinaka)- 源義仲 (1154-1184)
  • Son of Yoshikata; fought for Yoritomo and drove the Heike from Kyoto, but was later destroyed by him.
• Minamoto no Noriyori - 源範頼(1156-1193)
  • Brother of Yoritomo; fought for him with Yoshitsune, but was later killed by him.
• Minamoto no Yoshitsune - 源義経 (1159-1189)
  • Brother of Yoritomo; fought for him, but was destroyed by him. One of the most famous figures in Japanese history.
• Minamoto no Yoriie 源頼家(1182-1204)
  • Son of Yoritomo; the second Kamakura shogun. He was exiled by the Hôjôs and put to death.
• Minamoto no Sanetomo 源実朝(1192-1219)
  • Second son of Yoritomo; the third Kamakura shogun. Was murdered by his nephew Kugyô
• Minamoto Ichiman　一幡(1200-1203)
  • Son of Yoriie. He was destroyed along with his mother's family (the Hiki 比企) by the Hôjô.
• Minamoto Kugyô 公暁 (1200-1219)
  • Son of Yoriie; killed Sanetomo and was killed soon after.

Note that from Tameyoshi on, all those listed except Yoritomo died violent deaths.

References

• Sansom, George (1958). 'A History of Japan to 1334'. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
• Kojien Dictionary