Difference between revisions of "Minamoto no Tametomo"
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Tametomo fought alongside his father in the Hôgen Rebellion of [[1156]], siding with [[Emperor Sutoku]] against [[Emperor Go-Shirakawa]] (who, incidentally, had Minamoto no Yoshitomo, Tametomo's brother, on his side). After Go-Shirakawa's victory, Yoshitomo was forced to behead his father, Tameyoshi, and several of his brothers and other close relatives who had opposed Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Tametomo, renowned for his skill with a bow, had the ligaments or tendons of his bow arm cut, rendering it useless, before he was exiled to Izu Ôshima. | Tametomo fought alongside his father in the Hôgen Rebellion of [[1156]], siding with [[Emperor Sutoku]] against [[Emperor Go-Shirakawa]] (who, incidentally, had Minamoto no Yoshitomo, Tametomo's brother, on his side). After Go-Shirakawa's victory, Yoshitomo was forced to behead his father, Tameyoshi, and several of his brothers and other close relatives who had opposed Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Tametomo, renowned for his skill with a bow, had the ligaments or tendons of his bow arm cut, rendering it useless, before he was exiled to Izu Ôshima. | ||
| − | Some accounts have him simply committing suicide on Izu Ôshima, never seeing the mainland again.<ref name=yokoyama>Yokoyama Manabu 横山学, ''Ryûkyû koku shisetsu torai no kenkyû'' 琉球国使節渡来の研究, Tokyo: Yoshikawa kôbunkan (1987), 5-6.</ref> However, according to the tales in which he traveled to Ryûkyû, he regained use of his arm before long. On Ôshima, he is said to have taken a young woman named Sasarae, the daughter of the island magistrate Tadashige, as his wife, giving her two sons, Tamemaru and Tomokawa, and a daughter named Shimagimi. He is said to have taken over the island, and several others nearby, before leaving for Ryûkyû, where he is said to have married the chieftain | + | Some accounts have him simply committing suicide on Izu Ôshima, never seeing the mainland again.<ref name=yokoyama>Yokoyama Manabu 横山学, ''Ryûkyû koku shisetsu torai no kenkyû'' 琉球国使節渡来の研究, Tokyo: Yoshikawa kôbunkan (1987), 5-6.</ref> However, according to the tales in which he traveled to Ryûkyû, he regained use of his arm before long. On Ôshima, he is said to have taken a young woman named Sasarae, the daughter of the island magistrate Tadashige, as his wife, giving her two sons, Tamemaru and Tomokawa, and a daughter named Shimagimi. He is said to have taken over the island, and several others nearby, before leaving for Ryûkyû, where he is said to have married Nei, a daughter of the chieftain Ôzato,<ref>Yokoyama, 135.</ref> and sired the son Shunten. |
The various versions of Tametomo's legend relate his death in different ways. Some sources have him dying in Okinawa, while others have him returning to Izu Ôshima and fighting off naval attackers sent by the emperor, only to kill himself in the end; still other versions of Tametomo's story have him escaping these Imperial assaults and traveling to [[Hachijojima|Hachijô-jima]], where he again fights off imperial forces and then commits suicide. | The various versions of Tametomo's legend relate his death in different ways. Some sources have him dying in Okinawa, while others have him returning to Izu Ôshima and fighting off naval attackers sent by the emperor, only to kill himself in the end; still other versions of Tametomo's story have him escaping these Imperial assaults and traveling to [[Hachijojima|Hachijô-jima]], where he again fights off imperial forces and then commits suicide. | ||
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The legend of his involvement in [[Ryukyu Islands|Ryûkyû]] is related in numerous [[Edo period]] texts; the precise origin of the myth is unclear, but it appears as early as [[1605]], in the monk [[Taichu|Taichû's]] account of [[Ryukyuan religion]], ''[[Ryukyu Shinto ki|Ryûkyû Shintô ki]]''. The story appears, too, in the [[1650]] official history ''[[Chuzan Seikan|Chûzan Seikan]]'', compiled by Ryukyuan royal advisor [[Sho Shoken|Shô Shôken]]. It is then repeated, or elaborated upon, in [[Arai Hakuseki]]'s [[1719]] book ''[[Nantoshi|Nantôshi]]'', [[Morishima Churyo|Morishima Chûryô's]] [[1790]] publication ''[[Ryukyu-banashi|Ryûkyû-banashi]]'', and [[Takizawa Bakin]]'s novel ''[[Chinsetsu yumihari tsuki]]'', which expands the story out to a full novel, among other works. This myth is said to have had a central place in Japanese popular conceptions of Ryûkyû in the Edo period, and even in Ryûkyû, a number of sites including [[Naminoue Shrine]] enshrine Tametomo's spirit or are otherwise associated with him.<ref name=yokoyama/> | The legend of his involvement in [[Ryukyu Islands|Ryûkyû]] is related in numerous [[Edo period]] texts; the precise origin of the myth is unclear, but it appears as early as [[1605]], in the monk [[Taichu|Taichû's]] account of [[Ryukyuan religion]], ''[[Ryukyu Shinto ki|Ryûkyû Shintô ki]]''. The story appears, too, in the [[1650]] official history ''[[Chuzan Seikan|Chûzan Seikan]]'', compiled by Ryukyuan royal advisor [[Sho Shoken|Shô Shôken]]. It is then repeated, or elaborated upon, in [[Arai Hakuseki]]'s [[1719]] book ''[[Nantoshi|Nantôshi]]'', [[Morishima Churyo|Morishima Chûryô's]] [[1790]] publication ''[[Ryukyu-banashi|Ryûkyû-banashi]]'', and [[Takizawa Bakin]]'s novel ''[[Chinsetsu yumihari tsuki]]'', which expands the story out to a full novel, among other works. This myth is said to have had a central place in Japanese popular conceptions of Ryûkyû in the Edo period, and even in Ryûkyû, a number of sites including [[Naminoue Shrine]] enshrine Tametomo's spirit or are otherwise associated with him.<ref name=yokoyama/> | ||
| − | This story is generally regarded today as pure fiction, and as an idea invented and perpetuated in order to justify Japanese dominion over the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]].<ref>Yokoyama Manabu | + | This story is generally regarded today as pure fiction, and as an idea invented and perpetuated in order to justify Japanese dominion over the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]].<ref>Yokoyama Manabu suggests that since the ''Ryûkyû Shintô ki'' was written before Satsuma's [[1609]] [[invasion of Ryukyu]], the story could not, strictly speaking, have been fabricated in order to curry favor with Satsuma. (Yokoyama, 53.) However, Satsuma asserted claims to Ryûkyû, and demanded tax or tribute, since at least the 1590s, so the Tametomo story still may have been created for that purpose.</ref> The first to assert its falsity was [[Kato Sango|Katô Sango]], in his [[1906]] publication ''Ryûkyû no kenkyû'' (lit. "Ryûkyû Research"). He asserted it was a total fabrication, and cited in particular four points of suspicion.<ref name=yokoyama/> The vast distance between Izu Ôshima and Ryûkyû is but one of many elements which make the story seem rather unlikely; had he been exiled to an island off of Kyushu, in the [[Amami Islands]] chain, such as [[Kikaigashima]], where the monk [[Shunkan]] was exiled a few years later ([[1177]]), it might be easier to believe. Yet, as recently as the 1950s, historian [[George Kerr]] devoted several pages to the Tametomo tale, and wrote that while it "cannot be verified at this time; neither can it be dismissed as pure fiction."<ref>Kerr, George. ''Okinawa: The History of an Island People''. Tuttle Publishing, 2000. p46.</ref> |
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 15:26, 22 February 2016
Minamoto no Tametomo was a warrior of the Minamoto clan, exiled to Izu Ôshima in 1165, in the aftermath of the Hôgen Rebellion. He is the subject of a number of myths and legends, which have him making his way to Okinawa from Ôshima, and fathering Shunten, the first king of Okinawa.
Tametomo was the eighth son of Minamoto no Tameyoshi, brother to Minamoto no Yoshitomo, and was thus a direct uncle to Minamoto no Yoritomo, first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate. Through his father Tameyoshi, he was a member of the prominent Seiwa Genji line; a grandson of Minamoto no Yoshiie, Tametomo identified himself as seven generations from Prince Rokuson and nine from Emperor Seiwa himself.[1] Tametomo lived for a time in Kyushu during his younger days, and is thus associated with the island, and with the term "Chinzei," an alternate name for Kyushu. During his time there, it is said he married a woman named Shiranui, the daughter of Taira no Tadakuni.
Tametomo fought alongside his father in the Hôgen Rebellion of 1156, siding with Emperor Sutoku against Emperor Go-Shirakawa (who, incidentally, had Minamoto no Yoshitomo, Tametomo's brother, on his side). After Go-Shirakawa's victory, Yoshitomo was forced to behead his father, Tameyoshi, and several of his brothers and other close relatives who had opposed Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Tametomo, renowned for his skill with a bow, had the ligaments or tendons of his bow arm cut, rendering it useless, before he was exiled to Izu Ôshima.
Some accounts have him simply committing suicide on Izu Ôshima, never seeing the mainland again.[2] However, according to the tales in which he traveled to Ryûkyû, he regained use of his arm before long. On Ôshima, he is said to have taken a young woman named Sasarae, the daughter of the island magistrate Tadashige, as his wife, giving her two sons, Tamemaru and Tomokawa, and a daughter named Shimagimi. He is said to have taken over the island, and several others nearby, before leaving for Ryûkyû, where he is said to have married Nei, a daughter of the chieftain Ôzato,[3] and sired the son Shunten.
The various versions of Tametomo's legend relate his death in different ways. Some sources have him dying in Okinawa, while others have him returning to Izu Ôshima and fighting off naval attackers sent by the emperor, only to kill himself in the end; still other versions of Tametomo's story have him escaping these Imperial assaults and traveling to Hachijô-jima, where he again fights off imperial forces and then commits suicide.
The legend of his involvement in Ryûkyû is related in numerous Edo period texts; the precise origin of the myth is unclear, but it appears as early as 1605, in the monk Taichû's account of Ryukyuan religion, Ryûkyû Shintô ki. The story appears, too, in the 1650 official history Chûzan Seikan, compiled by Ryukyuan royal advisor Shô Shôken. It is then repeated, or elaborated upon, in Arai Hakuseki's 1719 book Nantôshi, Morishima Chûryô's 1790 publication Ryûkyû-banashi, and Takizawa Bakin's novel Chinsetsu yumihari tsuki, which expands the story out to a full novel, among other works. This myth is said to have had a central place in Japanese popular conceptions of Ryûkyû in the Edo period, and even in Ryûkyû, a number of sites including Naminoue Shrine enshrine Tametomo's spirit or are otherwise associated with him.[2]
This story is generally regarded today as pure fiction, and as an idea invented and perpetuated in order to justify Japanese dominion over the Ryûkyû Kingdom.[4] The first to assert its falsity was Katô Sango, in his 1906 publication Ryûkyû no kenkyû (lit. "Ryûkyû Research"). He asserted it was a total fabrication, and cited in particular four points of suspicion.[2] The vast distance between Izu Ôshima and Ryûkyû is but one of many elements which make the story seem rather unlikely; had he been exiled to an island off of Kyushu, in the Amami Islands chain, such as Kikaigashima, where the monk Shunkan was exiled a few years later (1177), it might be easier to believe. Yet, as recently as the 1950s, historian George Kerr devoted several pages to the Tametomo tale, and wrote that while it "cannot be verified at this time; neither can it be dismissed as pure fiction."[5]
References
- Sato, Hiroaki. "A Wonder Tale: The Moonbow." in My Friend Hitler and Other Plays of Yukio Mishima. Columbia University Press, 2002. pp241-245.
- ↑ William de Bary, Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol 1, Columbia University Press (2001), 273.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Yokoyama Manabu 横山学, Ryûkyû koku shisetsu torai no kenkyû 琉球国使節渡来の研究, Tokyo: Yoshikawa kôbunkan (1987), 5-6.
- ↑ Yokoyama, 135.
- ↑ Yokoyama Manabu suggests that since the Ryûkyû Shintô ki was written before Satsuma's 1609 invasion of Ryukyu, the story could not, strictly speaking, have been fabricated in order to curry favor with Satsuma. (Yokoyama, 53.) However, Satsuma asserted claims to Ryûkyû, and demanded tax or tribute, since at least the 1590s, so the Tametomo story still may have been created for that purpose.
- ↑ Kerr, George. Okinawa: The History of an Island People. Tuttle Publishing, 2000. p46.
