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The rujigaku tradition is said to have its origins in the time of Sho Shin, when Takushi ueekata Seiri 沢岻親方盛里 witnessed such processional music while in China on a tribute mission, and it is said he decided that the king of Ryukyu should have this sort of parade music as well. He is said to have purchased and brought back to Ryukyu a royal sedan chair 鳳凰轎、suona, drums, etc. and from then on, it is said, this became a part of royal processions.
琉球芸能事典、当間一郎ed., Naha shuppansha, p62
This was in 1522, the 即位 accession ceremonies of 世宗帝. Takushi (d. 1526). However, the 1479 李朝実録 also indicates that there was some kind of processional music, and lists out instruments, so it would seem the tradition goes back in some form to at least the late 15th c. (琉球芸能事典、当間一郎ed., Naha shuppansha, p800)
Rujigaku is also performed in a number of other places across the Ryukyu's, from Tanegashima down to Yonaguni. In many places it is called michigaku. The Shuri tradition, performed during Shuri bunka matsuri on Nov 3 each year, stems from the five pieces (五段) that Yamauchi Seihin wrote down in staff notation , learning from Chinen Saburo. Aharen Honyu 阿波連本勇 studied this under Chinen Kenshō 知念賢松, a son of Chinen Saburo.
琉球芸能事典、当間一郎ed., Naha shuppansha, p62
It is unclear when the uzagaku tradition was first transmitted to Ryukyu, but as early as 1534, Chen Kan wrote in 琉球使録 of something like this. 金鼓笙蕭の楽
琉球芸能事典、当間一郎ed., Naha shuppansha, p798
*Kunjan sabakui = 国頭捌理. The sabakui was a local/regional official in the Kingdom who oversaw matters pertaining to lumber. (各間切にいた幹部役人の総称で、材木の検査ならびに運搬の指揮にもあたった。)<ref>琉球芸能事典、当間一郎ed., Naha shuppansha, p49; 『国頭さばくい』 ～今に伝わる歌と踊り 琉球の原風景を訪ねる旅～, Ryukyumura website [https://www.ryukyumura.co.jp/official/oki100/vol-26/#:~:text=%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8A%E3%80%81%E3%81%95%E3%81%B0%E3%81%8F%E3%81%84%EF%BC%88%E6%8D%8C%E7%90%86,%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E3%81%AB%E3%82%82%E3%81%82%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%80%82]</ref>
*Rujigaku is also performed in a number of other places across the Ryukyu's, from Tanegashima down to Yonaguni. In many places it is called michigaku. The Shuri tradition, performed during Shuri bunka matsuri on Nov 3 each year, stems from the five pieces (五段) that Yamauchi Seihin wrote down in staff notation , learning from Chinen Saburo. Aharen Honyu 阿波連本勇 studied this under Chinen Kenshō 知念賢松, a son of Chinen Saburo. - 琉球芸能事典、当間一郎ed., Naha shuppansha, p62
*阿母志礼 or 阿母志良礼 is read あんしたり or あんしたんめえ, and refers to female officials in general.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/15282523017/sizes/k/]
*真文 is sometimes used to refer to Classical Chinese / Kanbun.
*Nihon mingei kyôkai founded in 1934. - Buyun Chen, "The Craft of Color and the Chemistry of Dyes: Textile Technology in the Ryukyu Kingdom, 1700–1900," Technology and Culture 63:1 (January 2022), 92..
"Japanese gardens were featured, among others, in expositions held in Philadelphia (1876, 1926), Paris (1878, 1889, 1900, 1925), Chicago (1893, 1933), St. Louis (1904), London (1910), San Francisco (1915, 1939), New York (1939-40, 1964-65), Brussels (1958), Seattle (1909, 1962), and Montreal (1967). This means for the entire period between the 1860s and 1960s, Japanese gardens were on view at these major crowd-attracting events more or less every few years." Toshio Watanabe, "How the West Interacted with Japanese Gardens," Ishibashi Lectures, Kyoto University of Art and Design, 12 March 2016.
*Fukizumi 吹墨 - a technique for using a bamboo pipe to blow blue cobalt oxide onto porcelain, producing a splattered effect. - Nicole Coolidge Rousmaniere, Crafting Beauty in Modern Japan, University of Washington Press (2007), 17.
*Sanpincha = 香片茶
*Sanpincha = 香片茶
*Astronomy - Satsuma han was the only domain that the shogunate granted permission to produce and maintain their own calendars, in recognition of the domain's accomplishments in astronomy: including the Tenmonkan, Kontengi celestial globes, and sunglasses for sky observation. Satsuma regularly sent students to Edo to study astronomy. Satsuma had in fact produced its own calendars since the medieval period. [https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/21545513685/sizes/k/]
*NAHA/SHURI BYOBU:
- 琉球交易港図屏風（Urasoe City Art Museum）- made from the illustration section only of a larger byobu obtained in Okinawa in 1886 by a Kagoshima police officer.<ref name=watanabe11>Watanabe Miki 渡辺美季, "Ryûkyû Shuri no zu, Ryûkyû Naha zu: Koga rekishi hakubutsukan zô Takami Senseki kankei shiryô yori" 「琉球首里ノ図・琉球那覇図ー古河歴史博物館蔵 鷹見泉石関係資料より」, Tôkyô daigaku shiryôhensanjo fuzoku gazô shiryô kaiseki sentaa tsûshin 東京大学史料編纂所附属画像史料解析センター通信 90 (Oct 2020), p11.</ref>
- 琉球貿易図屏風（Shiga University） - restored in 2000. Some kind of ledger book or notebook from the Satsuma mansion in Edo, from the 1830s, discovered at that time built into the under-layers of the byobu<ref name=watanabe11/>
- 琉球進貢船図屏風 (Kyoto University Museum)<ref name=watanabe11/>
- 首里那覇港図屏風 (Oki Pref Mus) - depicts Zaiban bugyo parading up to Shuri castle. Purchased by a Mr. Yamaguchi from Niigata, purchased from somewhere in Kagoshima in 1889.<ref name=watanabe11/>
- 首里那覇鳥瞰図屏風 (Ie Udun shiryo, Naha City History Museum)<ref name=watanabe11/>
- 那覇港図 (Shurijo Castle Park)<ref name=watanabe11/>
WRITING IN CHINA
*Simple marks scratched on pottery from as early as 2500 BCE predate formal writing. The earliest fuller writing that has been found is on oracle bones and bronzes from around 1300 BCE (Shang dynasty). The oldest literary works in China - The Book of Odes and the Book of History - date to the Western Zhou (1047 BC – 772 BC). The oldest excavated writing on bamboo strips is from c. 600 BCE. - Gallery labels, Royal Ontario Museum.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/48532404501/in/photostream/]
*"In 1860 Britain was consuming upwards of 98% Chinese tea; but by the mid-1880s 50% of the tea consumed in Britain was Indian black tea, and that continued to grow in the 1880s and 1890s"
*British market Ceylon tea at the 1893 World's Fair - prior to the 1880s, no tea was grown or consumed on Ceylon.
*the tea dumped overboard in the Boston Tea Party was low-grade black tea; black tea *was* consumed in the British colonies in America, but at some point after Independence, c. 1770s-1790s or so(?), green tea came to dominate, and remained the dominant form of tea drunk in the US until the 1920s. Low-grade tea dyed greenish with [[Prussian blue]] (which is apparently non-toxic) was widespread. Those who could afford it bought better, undyed green tea (sencha). At this time, c. 1870s-1920s, most of the best sencha grown in Japan was exported to the US, while the Japanese themselves had to content themselves with lower-quality bancha, because the demand in the US was so high - the profit motive for exporting it so good. Overall, some 80% of the tea grown in Japan for sale (that is, not including tea consumed by the people who grew it) was exported to the United States.
*Japanese pavilions at World's Fairs, and Japanese in other venues, pushed to try to convince Americans to stop adding milk and sugar to green tea, but with little success.
*following the Boshin War, many on the losing side (supporters of Tokugawa Yoshinobu) ended up in Sunpu (Shizuoka), where many of them ended up becoming tea farmers, or otherwise coming to play a role in the export industry.
*Tea grown and picked in Shizuoka was then often fired in Yokohama, drying it out to ensure it wouldn't grow mold during the lengthy process of it being shipped overseas. Two different methods: pan firing and basket firing. Women wage workers, seeking day work doing tea firing or other work, depending on how much work there was to be had each day, and the ever-changing wage.
*Japanese at the World's Fairs or elsewhere tried to get Americans to try matcha, and also tried to get them to stop putting milk and sugar in their green tea and to learn to appreciate and enjoy it the way Japanese drink it.
*At the same time (c. 1890s), the British were trying to convince Americans to start drinking Indian and Ceylon black teas, pushing the rather racist ideas that (1) since it's made/supervised by Whites, it's more reliable, cleaner, safer, and (2) that because it's processed by machine rather than being sweated over by "dirty" Chinese and Japanese, it's cleaner and safer.
- all of this from Robert Hellyer, "Japanese Tea as an American Beverage: From the Meiji Restoration to Today," Ishibashi Lectures Series, 27 May 2017, Kyushu National Museum. https://www.sainsbury-institute.org/info/the-fourth-ishibashi-foundation-lecture-series-2017
*Though tea was originally exported via the port of Yokohama, after [[1906]], Shimizu port (today part of Shizuoka City) became the chief export location, and foreign trading companies even relocated from Yokohama to Shimizu. - pamphlet, Ranji exhibition, Verkehr Shimizu Port Terminal Museum, July 2020.
*Offset printing like that still used today came about in the Showa era. Also, by the end of WWII, Japanese tea came to be heavily exported to former French territories in North Africa and West Asia, especially Algeria and Morocco. - pamphlet, Ranji exhibition, Verkehr Shimizu Port Terminal Museum, July 2020.
*It's believed the archipelago was first settled (peopled) as early as 40,000 years ago. - Simon Kaner, "Jomon and Yayoi," Routledge Handbook of Premodern Japanese History (ed. Karl Friday), 59.
*Sapporo means Dry land in Ainu.
*Sapporo means Dry land in Ainu.
*Dragon and tiger were a classic pair, metaphorically associated with equally-matched rivals, esp. priests or warriors. - Nezu Museum, 2/11/2020.
*Dragon and tiger were a classic pair, metaphorically associated with equally-matched rivals, esp. priests or warriors. - Nezu Museum, 2/11/2020.
*On hua-yi discourse: *What did the term 夷 mean in Tokugawa era discourse? What actions or practices marked someone or something as 夷? Should we translate 夷 as “barbarian” or was the term a softer marker of cultural difference? A striking aspect of Tokugawa discourse was the breadth of different, even contradictory, meanings for 夷. Not only did different authors use the term in different ways, but even single, purportedly coherent texts, used 夷 to refer to a striking range of people and practices. In the Tokugawa jikki, 夷 refers to rebels, Ainu and other non-literate “barbarians,” and Westerners. Including Abe no Sadato (1019-1062) who was defeated by the Minamoto; Goryeo; - Mark Ravina, presentation at AAS, March 2018, Washington DC.
*On hua-yi discourse: *What did the term 夷 mean in Tokugawa era discourse? What actions or practices marked someone or something as 夷? Should we translate 夷 as “barbarian” or was the term a softer marker of cultural difference? A striking aspect of Tokugawa discourse was the breadth of different, even contradictory, meanings for 夷. Not only did different authors use the term in different ways, but even single, purportedly coherent texts, used 夷 to refer to a striking range of people and practices. In the Tokugawa jikki, 夷 refers to rebels, Ainu and other non-literate “barbarians,” and Westerners. Including Abe no Sadato (1019-1062) who was defeated by the Minamoto; Goryeo; - Mark Ravina, presentation at AAS, March 2018, Washington DC.
*Subcontracted trading posts system in Ezo known as ''basho ukeoi'' 場所請負.
*Subcontracted trading posts system in Ezo known as ''basho ukeoi'' 場所請負.
*In 1855/10, the shogunate permitted shogunal vassals, retainers of the various domains, and commoners to relocate to [[Ezo]], and granted loans to those who engaged in developing 開拓 the land. - Ishin Shiryo, vol 2, 133.
*Jomon flame pots: though generally regarded as (purely?) aesthetic, the degraded remains of food particles, especially fish, have been found in them. They were clearly used for the cooking or preparation otherwise of food, and it's believed there may have been some ceremonial or ritual aspect to their use in such food preparation. - "Molecular Archaeology: Investigating Diet, Food and Cuisine from Stonehenge to the Jōmon?", Oliver Craig, Ishibashi Foundation lectures, Tokyo National Museum, Oct 2014.[https://www.sainsbury-institute.org/info/second-ishibashi-foundation-lecture-series-2014]
*Kawanabe Kyosui, a daughter of Kyosai, was an accomplished painter in her own right. [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/events/2018/03/27/art-guide/painting-art-guide/kyosai-kyosui-soul-artist-pioneered-father-daughter/], [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2018/04/17/arts/legacy-genius-kyosai-kyosui/#.W2TyutIza00]
*Kawanabe Kyosui, a daughter of Kyosai, was an accomplished painter in her own right. [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/events/2018/03/27/art-guide/painting-art-guide/kyosai-kyosui-soul-artist-pioneered-father-daughter/], [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2018/04/17/arts/legacy-genius-kyosai-kyosui/#.W2TyutIza00]
*[[Mutsu province]] was the chief source of [[gold]] to the Heian court in the first half of the Heian period, including especially gold used to buy foreign goods from foreign traders at Hakata. However, by the 11th century, Mutsu was no longer able to provide such amounts. Gold (esp. from Mutsu province) fell away as a major Japanese export in the early 11th century, but reemerged in the late 12th. At that time, some 200-300,000 guan 貫of gold was likely being imported into China from Japan each year, chiefly through Ningpo, where the shibosi claimed a tariff of 10%. - Richard von Glahn, "The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant Network and the Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 74:2 (2014), 267, 270.
*[[Mutsu province]] was the chief source of [[gold]] to the Heian court in the first half of the Heian period, including especially gold used to buy foreign goods from foreign traders at Hakata. However, by the 11th century, Mutsu was no longer able to provide such amounts. Gold (esp. from Mutsu province) fell away as a major Japanese export in the early 11th century, but reemerged in the late 12th. At that time, some 200-300,000 guan 貫of gold was likely being imported into China from Japan each year, chiefly through Ningpo, where the shibosi claimed a tariff of 10%. - Richard von Glahn, "The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant Network and the Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 74:2 (2014), 267, 270.
*Nibutani is a small village of only about 500 people. Roughly 80% of them are Ainu. - Kanako Uzawa, "Reshaping the Present by Reconnecting to the Past – From a Perspective of Urban Ainu, Japan," talk given at UC Santa Barbara, 21 May 2018.
*Nibutani is a small village of only about 500 people. Roughly 80% of them are Ainu. - Kanako Uzawa, "Reshaping the Present by Reconnecting to the Past – From a Perspective of Urban Ainu, Japan," talk given at UC Santa Barbara, 21 May 2018.
*Hakuseki writes in his Tokushi yoron that "the Northern Court was nothing but a creation of the Ashikaga, nobody regarded it as the rightful imperial line ... at the time the northern emperor seems to have been called the Pretender and the Northern Court the Pretender's Court." And further, that the Southern Court was extinguished due to its misrule and loss of virtue, while the Northern Court was raised up by the military houses for their own purposes. - Watanabe Hiroshi, A History of Japanese Political Thought, 1600-1901, International House of Japan (2012), 153, 155.
*Hakuseki writes in his Tokushi yoron that "the Northern Court was nothing but a creation of the Ashikaga, nobody regarded it as the rightful imperial line ... at the time the northern emperor seems to have been called the Pretender and the Northern Court the Pretender's Court." And further, that the Southern Court was extinguished due to its misrule and loss of virtue, while the Northern Court was raised up by the military houses for their own purposes. - Watanabe Hiroshi, A History of Japanese Political Thought, 1600-1901, International House of Japan (2012), 153, 155.
*Highway stations (from Asao Naohiro (ed.), Fudai daimyo Ii ke no girei, 326-341.)
*Highway stations (from Asao Naohiro (ed.), Fudai daimyo Ii ke no girei, 326-341.)
*Seoul was called 漢城 in the early modern period. - "Qing China as seen from Ryûkyû" 琉球から見た清朝, in Okada Hidehiro (ed.), Shinchô to ha nani ka 清朝とは何か, Fujiwara Shoten (2009), 255.
*Seoul was called 漢城 in the early modern period. - "Qing China as seen from Ryûkyû" 琉球から見た清朝, in Okada Hidehiro (ed.), Shinchô to ha nani ka 清朝とは何か, Fujiwara Shoten (2009), 255.
*Igarashi and Kôami families were shogunate goyô shônin for lacquerwares. - Christine Guth, Art of Edo Japan, ''Yale University Press'' (1996), 95.
*Igarashi and Kôami families were shogunate goyô shônin for lacquerwares. - Christine Guth, Art of Edo Japan, ''Yale University Press'' (1996), 95.
*Chinsuko = 金楚糕
*Chinsuko = 金楚糕
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