Difference between revisions of "Vietnam"
(Created page with "*''Other Names'': 大越 ''(V: Đại Việt)'', 安南 ''(Annam)'' *''Japanese'': ベトナム ''(betonamu)'', 越南 ''(etsunan, V: Việt Nam, C: Yuènán)'' Vietnam, also...") |
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==History== | ==History== | ||
| − | The [[Ming-Ho War]] ended in [[1406]] with Ming victory, | + | The [[Ming-Ho War]] ended in [[1406]] with Ming victory, and Vietnam remained under Chinese control until [[1428]]. This brief 22-year period represents the only period of Chinese control over Vietnam in the last thousand years. |
==Lê Dynasty== | ==Lê Dynasty== | ||
| + | Renewed independence from the Ming marked the beginning of the Lê Dynasty, which lasted from 1428 until [[1788]]. | ||
| − | ==Nguyễn & Trinh== | + | ===Nguyễn & Trinh=== |
In the 16th-18th centuries, Vietnam was divided, effectively, into three polities. [[Tonkin]], in the north, was ruled by the Trinh family, and [[Quang Nam]] (also known by a number of other names) in the central region, was ruled by the Nguyễn, while the southern region was the independent and ethnically distinct polity of [[Champa]]. The Trinh and Nguyễn domains were ruled by "lords," however, both under the ostensible authority of the emperor-kings of the [[Lê Dynasty]]. | In the 16th-18th centuries, Vietnam was divided, effectively, into three polities. [[Tonkin]], in the north, was ruled by the Trinh family, and [[Quang Nam]] (also known by a number of other names) in the central region, was ruled by the Nguyễn, while the southern region was the independent and ethnically distinct polity of [[Champa]]. The Trinh and Nguyễn domains were ruled by "lords," however, both under the ostensible authority of the emperor-kings of the [[Lê Dynasty]]. | ||
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From about 1590 to 1640, the Quang Nam port town of [[Hoi An]], the largest port in all of Vietnam,<ref>Alexander Woodside, “Central Vietnam's Trading World in the Eighteenth Century as Seen in Le Quy Don's 'Frontier Chronicles” in Keith Taylor and John K. Whitmore (eds.), ''Essays into Vietnamese Pasts'' (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, 1995), 162.</ref> was home to a major [[Nihonmachi]] (Japantown), where a few tens of independent Japanese merchant families played a prominent role in the local trade. On average, more than ten Japanese ships visited the port every year during the period of the "[[red seal ships]]," that is, between roughly 1590 and 1635; this represented fully a quarter of all Japanese maritime economic activity, more than that of any other individual port.<ref>Chingho A. Chen, ''Historical Notes on Hội An (Faifo)'' (Carbondale, Illinois: Center for Vietnamese Studies, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1974), 13.</ref> | From about 1590 to 1640, the Quang Nam port town of [[Hoi An]], the largest port in all of Vietnam,<ref>Alexander Woodside, “Central Vietnam's Trading World in the Eighteenth Century as Seen in Le Quy Don's 'Frontier Chronicles” in Keith Taylor and John K. Whitmore (eds.), ''Essays into Vietnamese Pasts'' (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, 1995), 162.</ref> was home to a major [[Nihonmachi]] (Japantown), where a few tens of independent Japanese merchant families played a prominent role in the local trade. On average, more than ten Japanese ships visited the port every year during the period of the "[[red seal ships]]," that is, between roughly 1590 and 1635; this represented fully a quarter of all Japanese maritime economic activity, more than that of any other individual port.<ref>Chingho A. Chen, ''Historical Notes on Hội An (Faifo)'' (Carbondale, Illinois: Center for Vietnamese Studies, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1974), 13.</ref> | ||
| − | Some of these merchants married into the Nguyễn family, and the Nguyễn lords exchanged formal diplomatic correspondence with the likes of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] and the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], in XX and [[1601]] respectively. When war broke out between Tonkin and Quang Nam in [[1627]], the Nguyễn, along with members of the local Japanese community in Quang Nam, wrote to the Tokugawa shogunate, requesting that trade and formal relations with Tonkin be cut off. As a result, though Tonkin also saw some Japanese trade & settlement, it was to a considerably lesser degree. Fighting began in earnest between Tonkin and Quang Nam in [[1633]], and lasted until | + | Some of these merchants married into the Nguyễn family, and the Nguyễn lords exchanged formal diplomatic correspondence with the likes of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] and the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], in XX and [[1601]] respectively. When war broke out between Tonkin and Quang Nam in [[1627]], the Nguyễn, along with members of the local Japanese community in Quang Nam, wrote to the Tokugawa shogunate, requesting that trade and formal relations with Tonkin be cut off. As a result, though Tonkin also saw some Japanese trade & settlement, it was to a considerably lesser degree. [[Suminokura Ryoi|Suminokura Ryôi]] is likely the most famous of the traders who were active in Tonkin.<ref>Marius Jansen, ''China in the Tokugawa World'' (Harvard University Press, 1992), 22.</ref> Fighting began in earnest between Tonkin and Quang Nam in [[1633]], and lasted until [[1673]], when the two made peace and defined borders between them. Members of the Quang Nam community served, at times, as interpreters, translators, and advisors to the Nguyễn lords, and the Nihonmachi was permitted to be self-governing to an extent. [[Funamoto Yashichiro|Funamoto Yashichirô]] was one such head of the Japanese community, holding that position beginning in [[1618]]. Formal envoys from Quang Nam also traveled to Japan on a handful of occasions. |
The [[Dutch East India Company]] first appeared in Hoi An in [[1633]]; for the remainder of that decade, before Tokugawa ''[[kaikin]]'' (maritime restrictions) policies cut off Japanese overseas trade, the Japanese continued to dominate the port's local economy, leaving the Dutch with second-choice of the remaining goods (mainly textiles), and at higher prices due to the diminished supply after Japanese merchants bought their fill each season. From 1640 onwards, however, the Japanese trade shrank and eventually died, and the Japanese community in Hoi An, as elsewhere throughout Southeast Asia, assimilated into the local Vietnamese community and effectively disappeared. | The [[Dutch East India Company]] first appeared in Hoi An in [[1633]]; for the remainder of that decade, before Tokugawa ''[[kaikin]]'' (maritime restrictions) policies cut off Japanese overseas trade, the Japanese continued to dominate the port's local economy, leaving the Dutch with second-choice of the remaining goods (mainly textiles), and at higher prices due to the diminished supply after Japanese merchants bought their fill each season. From 1640 onwards, however, the Japanese trade shrank and eventually died, and the Japanese community in Hoi An, as elsewhere throughout Southeast Asia, assimilated into the local Vietnamese community and effectively disappeared. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The [[English East India Company]] closed its factory in Vietnam in [[1697]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Lê Dynasty fell in 1788 to the [[Tay Son Rebellion]]. Though [[Qing Dynasty]] China attempted to intervene (or interfere), the Vietnamese pushed the Qing forces out of their territory as early as the following year. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Nguyễn Dynasty== | ||
| + | The Nguyễn Dynasty began in [[1802]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Colonization== | ||
| + | The [[Sino-French War]] ended in [[1885]] in French victory, and China was forced to renounce any claims to Vietnam. | ||
Revision as of 02:13, 18 July 2015
- Other Names: 大越 (V: Đại Việt), 安南 (Annam)
- Japanese: ベトナム (betonamu), 越南 (etsunan, V: Việt Nam, C: Yuènán)
Vietnam, also known as Dai Viet and Annam at various times historically, is a Southeast Asian country which runs largely along the coast, facing the South China Sea to its east. It borders Laos and Cambodia to the west, and China's Yunnan and Guangxi provinces to the north.
Vietnam is the sole "Sinicized" Southeast Asian country with a strong connection to Chinese Buddhist and Confucian culture, in contrast to the more "Indic" or "Sanskritic" cultures of Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Indonesia. The territory of Vietnam was controlled by China for nearly one thousand years in the first half of the Common Era, before gaining independence in 939, amidst the fall of the Tang Dynasty. Though controlled by various independent Vietnamese dynasties & polities for nearly its entire history after that, Vietnam remained a loyal tributary to the Chinese court, particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties; Vietnamese elites engaged in Chinese cultural practices such as literati painting and calligraphy, and all Vietnamese writing employed Chinese characters up until the early 20th century - Vietnamese is now written in a romanization form devised by the French.
History
The Ming-Ho War ended in 1406 with Ming victory, and Vietnam remained under Chinese control until 1428. This brief 22-year period represents the only period of Chinese control over Vietnam in the last thousand years.
Lê Dynasty
Renewed independence from the Ming marked the beginning of the Lê Dynasty, which lasted from 1428 until 1788.
Nguyễn & Trinh
In the 16th-18th centuries, Vietnam was divided, effectively, into three polities. Tonkin, in the north, was ruled by the Trinh family, and Quang Nam (also known by a number of other names) in the central region, was ruled by the Nguyễn, while the southern region was the independent and ethnically distinct polity of Champa. The Trinh and Nguyễn domains were ruled by "lords," however, both under the ostensible authority of the emperor-kings of the Lê Dynasty.
The first contact between Quang Nam and any Japanese was with the pirate Shirahama Kenki, who came raiding ships and shores in 1585. He was driven off by Nguyễn ships, but returned in 1599. The Nguyễn captured him, and wrote to Japan to ask what to do with him; Tokugawa Ieyasu's 1601 response to Lord Nguyễn Hoang, explaining the red seal ship system,[1] is considered the beginning of formal relations between the two polities.[2]
From about 1590 to 1640, the Quang Nam port town of Hoi An, the largest port in all of Vietnam,[3] was home to a major Nihonmachi (Japantown), where a few tens of independent Japanese merchant families played a prominent role in the local trade. On average, more than ten Japanese ships visited the port every year during the period of the "red seal ships," that is, between roughly 1590 and 1635; this represented fully a quarter of all Japanese maritime economic activity, more than that of any other individual port.[4]
Some of these merchants married into the Nguyễn family, and the Nguyễn lords exchanged formal diplomatic correspondence with the likes of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the Tokugawa shogunate, in XX and 1601 respectively. When war broke out between Tonkin and Quang Nam in 1627, the Nguyễn, along with members of the local Japanese community in Quang Nam, wrote to the Tokugawa shogunate, requesting that trade and formal relations with Tonkin be cut off. As a result, though Tonkin also saw some Japanese trade & settlement, it was to a considerably lesser degree. Suminokura Ryôi is likely the most famous of the traders who were active in Tonkin.[5] Fighting began in earnest between Tonkin and Quang Nam in 1633, and lasted until 1673, when the two made peace and defined borders between them. Members of the Quang Nam community served, at times, as interpreters, translators, and advisors to the Nguyễn lords, and the Nihonmachi was permitted to be self-governing to an extent. Funamoto Yashichirô was one such head of the Japanese community, holding that position beginning in 1618. Formal envoys from Quang Nam also traveled to Japan on a handful of occasions.
The Dutch East India Company first appeared in Hoi An in 1633; for the remainder of that decade, before Tokugawa kaikin (maritime restrictions) policies cut off Japanese overseas trade, the Japanese continued to dominate the port's local economy, leaving the Dutch with second-choice of the remaining goods (mainly textiles), and at higher prices due to the diminished supply after Japanese merchants bought their fill each season. From 1640 onwards, however, the Japanese trade shrank and eventually died, and the Japanese community in Hoi An, as elsewhere throughout Southeast Asia, assimilated into the local Vietnamese community and effectively disappeared.
The English East India Company closed its factory in Vietnam in 1697.
The Lê Dynasty fell in 1788 to the Tay Son Rebellion. Though Qing Dynasty China attempted to intervene (or interfere), the Vietnamese pushed the Qing forces out of their territory as early as the following year.
Nguyễn Dynasty
The Nguyễn Dynasty began in 1802.
Colonization
The Sino-French War ended in 1885 in French victory, and China was forced to renounce any claims to Vietnam.
- ↑ That authorized merchants would carry formal licenses marked with red seals, and that everyone else could be regarded as a pirate or smuggler, to be dealt with as the foreign polity (in this case, the Nguyễn court) saw fit.
- ↑ Li Tana, Nguyen Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 60-61.
- ↑ Alexander Woodside, “Central Vietnam's Trading World in the Eighteenth Century as Seen in Le Quy Don's 'Frontier Chronicles” in Keith Taylor and John K. Whitmore (eds.), Essays into Vietnamese Pasts (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, 1995), 162.
- ↑ Chingho A. Chen, Historical Notes on Hội An (Faifo) (Carbondale, Illinois: Center for Vietnamese Studies, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1974), 13.
- ↑ Marius Jansen, China in the Tokugawa World (Harvard University Press, 1992), 22.
