Difference between revisions of "Elephants"
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| + | [[File:Elephant-print.JPG|right|thumb|400px|A woodblock print of an elephant which was on display at Ryôgoku in Edo in [[1862]]-[[1863]]]] | ||
*''Japanese:'' 象 ''(zô)'' | *''Japanese:'' 象 ''(zô)'' | ||
| − | Elephants were known in Japan from an early period through Buddhist literature and iconography. In particular, the [[bodhisattva]] Fugen | + | Elephants were known in Japan from an early period through Buddhist literature and iconography. In particular, the [[bodhisattva]] [[Fugen]] was often shown riding an elephant. |
| − | However, a number of live elephants also arrived in Japan before the [[Meiji | + | However, a number of live elephants also arrived in Japan before the [[Meiji period]]. One came in [[1408]], and another in [[1602]].<ref>Ôta, 66.</ref> An elephant was also sent from the King of [[Cambodia]] to [[Otomo Sorin|Ôtomo Sôrin]] in the 16th century, but it died soon after its arrival.<ref>Cooper.</ref> |
| − | An elephant was also sent from the King of [[Cambodia]] to [[Otomo Sorin|Ôtomo Sôrin | ||
| − | In [[1597]], [[Luis de Navarrete Fajardo]], a Spanish envoy from the [[Philippines]], took an elephant named "Don Pedro" with him when he went to Osaka for an audience with [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. A [[Nanban screens|"Nanban" screen]] by [[Kano Naizen|Kanô Naizen]] | + | In [[1597]], [[Luis de Navarrete Fajardo]], a Spanish envoy from the [[Philippines]], took an elephant named "Don Pedro" with him when he went to [[Osaka]] for an audience with [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. A [[Nanban screens|"Nanban" screen]] by [[Kano Naizen|Kanô Naizen]] depicting foreigners in a Japanese port city<ref> Cat. no. 123 in ''Turning Point;'' the screen, with the elephant at the far left of the upper screen, can be seen at: [http://www.city.kobe.lg.jp/culture/culture/institution/museum/meihin/046.html].</ref> shows an elephant carrying a man in a litter on its back accompanied by two keepers. Compared with elephants in other Japanese pictures, it is of firm shape and its skin is fairly smooth: it was probably based on a live animal, perhaps Don Pedro. On the other hand, the wobbly creature in a later Nanban screen <ref>One belonging to Sairenji Temple 西蓮寺 in Anjô City, Aichi prefecture; Cat. no 124 in ''Turning Point.''</ref> was probably based on traditional iconography. |
| − | The elephants | + | The elephants about which the most is known were a pair that arrived in Japan in the 6th month of [[1728]]. They were brought from [[Quang Nam]] by the Chinese merchant Zhèng Dàchéng ([[鄭]]大成) or Zhèng Dàwēi (大威), apparently at the request of Shogun [[Tokugawa Yoshimune]]. The female died in [[Nagasaki]] about 3 months later, but the male was sent to Edo. He was then about 6 years old. According to instructions issued for his journey along the [[Sanyodo|Sanyôdô]] and the [[Tokaido|Tôkaidô]], he was about 7 ''[[Japanese Measurements|shaku]]'' high, 11 ''shaku'' long, and 4 ''shaku'' wide (2.1m x 3.3m x 1.2m). He ate bamboo leaves, green grass (180 kg or 400 lb per day), and hay. People were allowed to gather to look at him, but only at intersections, and not along the streets; they could follow the procession, but not get in front of it, and they could not look down upon the procession from second story windows. Some of these were the same prescriptions issued during any official procession; most of all, the concern was to not frighten or panic the animal.<ref>[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 38.</ref> |
| − | + | This elephant left Nagasaki for [[Edo]] in [[1729]]/2,<ref>An entry in the ''[[Nakamura ke nikki]]'', from the port-town of [[Tomonoura]], corroborates the 1728/6 date, and relates that the party escorting the elephant stayed at [[Kannabe]] (a post-station in [[Hiroshima prefecture]]) on 4/10, departing the following day. ''Nakamura ke nikki II - Fukuyama shi jûyô bunkazai'', Fukuyama Castle Museum Tomo-no-kai (2008), 41.</ref> and was granted an imperial audience with [[Emperor Nakamikado]] and Retired [[Emperor Reigen]] in [[Kyoto]], being bestowed the Fourth [[Court Rank]] in order to do so. A diary by [[Watanabe Zenemon|Watanabe Zen'emon]] entitled ''Zô kiyô'' (roughly, "Elephant Bulletin") records what Watanabe saw of, and heard about, the elephant's passage through the city.<ref>Hirayama Toshijirô 平山敏治郎, "Nyûrai Ryûkyû ki" 入来琉球記, ''Minzoku gaku kenkyûsho kiyô'' 民俗学研究所紀要 3 (1978/12), 99.</ref> | |
| − | However, he | + | The entourage then went through the [[Hakone]] check-point, and after a journey of about 3 1/2 months reached Edo and was viewed by the shogun on 5/27. After that he was housed in the shogunal property at [[Hama Rikyu|Shiba no Hama]]. However, he cost 200 ''[[currency|ryô]]'' per year to feed, and less than a year later, the ''bakufu'' tried to turn him over to the private sector, but there were no suitable takers. The elephant then came to be used as a source of medicine. There were several epidemics of measles and smallpox in that period, and the shogunate was actively promoting the manufacture of a medicine made from cattle dung. Apparently it was decided that elephant dung would also work. The medicine made from the dung was called ''zô-hora'' 象洞 (lit. "elephant cavity"). A group headed by a man named Gensuke 源助 asked for permission to sell it as a commercial product. They hoped to distribute it so "everyone throughout the land, even those of lowest degree," could enjoy its benefits; the price per package was 10 ''mon''. So, the elephant lived a quiet life as a medicine maker, occasionally being put on display. |
| − | + | Some accounts indicate that the elephant died only a few months later, in [[1730]],<ref>Jansen, 38-39.</ref> but according to others, he lived on into the 1740s. According to that narrative, by [[1741]] he was getting aggressive and large (14 ft. tall, from shoulders down 9 feet, with a trunk of 7 feet), and there was concern about fire, so he was moved to Nakano village, where Gensuke lived. A very sturdy stable with a dry moat was built for him. But the shogunate was still interested in his welfare. Two months after he moved, a ''[[doshin|dôshin]]'' was sent unannounced to check up on him. A report was made to Yoshimune's close confidant [[Kano Hisamichi|Kanô Hisamichi]]<!--加納久通--> that the elephant was doing well. | |
| − | However, towards the end of the next year the elephant become ill. A nearby horse doctor had him warmed and gave him medicine, and another one used acupuncture and hot irons on his nails | + | However, towards the end of the next year the elephant become ill. A nearby horse doctor had him warmed and gave him medicine, and another one used acupuncture and hot irons on his nails, but he died a few days later. The shogunate took his hide, but Gensuke took his bones. He and those after him tried to make money by displaying them, but it did not work too well. In [[1779]] the bones were sold to a temple, but they were lost in a fire during the [[Boshin War]]. |
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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*Murase, Miyeko, ed., ''Turning Point: Oribe and the Arts of Sixteenth-Century Japan,'' New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003. | *Murase, Miyeko, ed., ''Turning Point: Oribe and the Arts of Sixteenth-Century Japan,'' New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003. | ||
*Ôta Naohiro 太田尚宏, 享保の渡来象始末記 (The complete account of the elephant that came from abroad in the Kyôhô Era), in Takeuchi Makoto 竹内誠, et al., ed., 江戸時代の古文書を読む:享保の改革 (Reading Edo-Period Documents: The Kyôhô Reforms), Tokyo-Dô, 2004. | *Ôta Naohiro 太田尚宏, 享保の渡来象始末記 (The complete account of the elephant that came from abroad in the Kyôhô Era), in Takeuchi Makoto 竹内誠, et al., ed., 江戸時代の古文書を読む:享保の改革 (Reading Edo-Period Documents: The Kyôhô Reforms), Tokyo-Dô, 2004. | ||
| − | *''[[They Came to Japan]]'' | + | *[[Michael Cooper]] (ed.), ''[[They Came to Japan]]: An Anthology of European Reports on Japan, 1543-1640'', University of California Press, 1965. |
| + | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Flora and Fauna]] | [[Category:Flora and Fauna]] | ||
[[Category:Sengoku Period]] | [[Category:Sengoku Period]] | ||
[[Category:Edo Period]] | [[Category:Edo Period]] | ||
Latest revision as of 23:57, 14 July 2017
- Japanese: 象 (zô)
Elephants were known in Japan from an early period through Buddhist literature and iconography. In particular, the bodhisattva Fugen was often shown riding an elephant.
However, a number of live elephants also arrived in Japan before the Meiji period. One came in 1408, and another in 1602.[1] An elephant was also sent from the King of Cambodia to Ôtomo Sôrin in the 16th century, but it died soon after its arrival.[2]
In 1597, Luis de Navarrete Fajardo, a Spanish envoy from the Philippines, took an elephant named "Don Pedro" with him when he went to Osaka for an audience with Toyotomi Hideyoshi. A "Nanban" screen by Kanô Naizen depicting foreigners in a Japanese port city[3] shows an elephant carrying a man in a litter on its back accompanied by two keepers. Compared with elephants in other Japanese pictures, it is of firm shape and its skin is fairly smooth: it was probably based on a live animal, perhaps Don Pedro. On the other hand, the wobbly creature in a later Nanban screen [4] was probably based on traditional iconography.
The elephants about which the most is known were a pair that arrived in Japan in the 6th month of 1728. They were brought from Quang Nam by the Chinese merchant Zhèng Dàchéng (鄭大成) or Zhèng Dàwēi (大威), apparently at the request of Shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune. The female died in Nagasaki about 3 months later, but the male was sent to Edo. He was then about 6 years old. According to instructions issued for his journey along the Sanyôdô and the Tôkaidô, he was about 7 shaku high, 11 shaku long, and 4 shaku wide (2.1m x 3.3m x 1.2m). He ate bamboo leaves, green grass (180 kg or 400 lb per day), and hay. People were allowed to gather to look at him, but only at intersections, and not along the streets; they could follow the procession, but not get in front of it, and they could not look down upon the procession from second story windows. Some of these were the same prescriptions issued during any official procession; most of all, the concern was to not frighten or panic the animal.[5]
This elephant left Nagasaki for Edo in 1729/2,[6] and was granted an imperial audience with Emperor Nakamikado and Retired Emperor Reigen in Kyoto, being bestowed the Fourth Court Rank in order to do so. A diary by Watanabe Zen'emon entitled Zô kiyô (roughly, "Elephant Bulletin") records what Watanabe saw of, and heard about, the elephant's passage through the city.[7]
The entourage then went through the Hakone check-point, and after a journey of about 3 1/2 months reached Edo and was viewed by the shogun on 5/27. After that he was housed in the shogunal property at Shiba no Hama. However, he cost 200 ryô per year to feed, and less than a year later, the bakufu tried to turn him over to the private sector, but there were no suitable takers. The elephant then came to be used as a source of medicine. There were several epidemics of measles and smallpox in that period, and the shogunate was actively promoting the manufacture of a medicine made from cattle dung. Apparently it was decided that elephant dung would also work. The medicine made from the dung was called zô-hora 象洞 (lit. "elephant cavity"). A group headed by a man named Gensuke 源助 asked for permission to sell it as a commercial product. They hoped to distribute it so "everyone throughout the land, even those of lowest degree," could enjoy its benefits; the price per package was 10 mon. So, the elephant lived a quiet life as a medicine maker, occasionally being put on display.
Some accounts indicate that the elephant died only a few months later, in 1730,[8] but according to others, he lived on into the 1740s. According to that narrative, by 1741 he was getting aggressive and large (14 ft. tall, from shoulders down 9 feet, with a trunk of 7 feet), and there was concern about fire, so he was moved to Nakano village, where Gensuke lived. A very sturdy stable with a dry moat was built for him. But the shogunate was still interested in his welfare. Two months after he moved, a dôshin was sent unannounced to check up on him. A report was made to Yoshimune's close confidant Kanô Hisamichi that the elephant was doing well.
However, towards the end of the next year the elephant become ill. A nearby horse doctor had him warmed and gave him medicine, and another one used acupuncture and hot irons on his nails, but he died a few days later. The shogunate took his hide, but Gensuke took his bones. He and those after him tried to make money by displaying them, but it did not work too well. In 1779 the bones were sold to a temple, but they were lost in a fire during the Boshin War.
References
- Murase, Miyeko, ed., Turning Point: Oribe and the Arts of Sixteenth-Century Japan, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003.
- Ôta Naohiro 太田尚宏, 享保の渡来象始末記 (The complete account of the elephant that came from abroad in the Kyôhô Era), in Takeuchi Makoto 竹内誠, et al., ed., 江戸時代の古文書を読む:享保の改革 (Reading Edo-Period Documents: The Kyôhô Reforms), Tokyo-Dô, 2004.
- Michael Cooper (ed.), They Came to Japan: An Anthology of European Reports on Japan, 1543-1640, University of California Press, 1965.
- ↑ Ôta, 66.
- ↑ Cooper.
- ↑ Cat. no. 123 in Turning Point; the screen, with the elephant at the far left of the upper screen, can be seen at: [1].
- ↑ One belonging to Sairenji Temple 西蓮寺 in Anjô City, Aichi prefecture; Cat. no 124 in Turning Point.
- ↑ Marius Jansen, China in the Tokugawa World, Harvard University Press (1992), 38.
- ↑ An entry in the Nakamura ke nikki, from the port-town of Tomonoura, corroborates the 1728/6 date, and relates that the party escorting the elephant stayed at Kannabe (a post-station in Hiroshima prefecture) on 4/10, departing the following day. Nakamura ke nikki II - Fukuyama shi jûyô bunkazai, Fukuyama Castle Museum Tomo-no-kai (2008), 41.
- ↑ Hirayama Toshijirô 平山敏治郎, "Nyûrai Ryûkyû ki" 入来琉球記, Minzoku gaku kenkyûsho kiyô 民俗学研究所紀要 3 (1978/12), 99.
- ↑ Jansen, 38-39.
