User:LordAmeth/Notes

NOTES for later articles:

• Though the term chôtei is used quite standardly today to refer to the Imperial Court, the terms used in the Edo period were, much more commonly, kinri 禁裏 and kinchû 禁中. - Watanabe Hiroshi, Luke Roberts (trans.), "About Some Japanese Historical Terms," Sino-Japanese Studies 10:2 (1998), 38-39.

• The population of Okinawa prefecture is around 1.3 million, the same as the State of Hawaii. (Pearson, 8.; Hawaii, Lonely Planet (2009), 52.)

• In Meiji, as part of trying to make Japan look as civilized as Europe, European titles are adopted - Lord of the Privy Seal is basically just the position of naidaijin, reinvented. - Ben Ami Shillony, "Restoration, Emperor, Diet, Prefecture, or: How Japanese Concepts were Mistranslated into Western Languages," Collected Writings of Ben-Ami Shillony, 67.

• The word yari is said to appear for the first time in the Miidera chapter of the Taiheiki, and in no earlier literature. - Told Round a Brushwood Fire, 142, 294n180.

• The Waegwan at Pusan had a kiln from 1639-1717 - Freer Gallery gallery labels

• Samurai were required to provision themselves. Arms and armor were not provided by the lord, but rather each man was expected to show up fully equipped and prepared, or else suffer severe consequences. (see docs read in sorobun class)

• Scholar-officials came to be known as "mandarins" from a Sanskrit word for "councilor" which entered Hindi, then Malay, where it was picked up by the Portuguese and was then adopted by other Europeans. - Craig, Heritage of Chinese Civ, 109.

• In the Forbidden City, during the Tang Dynasty, emperors sat together with their grand councilors to discuss matters of state. In the Song, officials stood in the emperor's presence. In the Ming, the emperor sat on a raised dais, and the officials knelt in his presence. Behind the audience hall were the emperor's private chambers and harem. In 1425, the palace had 6300 cooks serving 10,000 people every day. By the 17th century, there may have been as many as 9000 court ladies and 70,000 eunuchs. - Craig, Heritage of Chinese Civilization, 107-108.

• The Yongle Emperor's rebuilding of Beijing involved 100,000 artisans and one million laborers. The city lay within three sets of walled enclosures; the imperial city lay within the outer walls, and beyond that, within an inner set of walls, was the Forbidden City. The palace itself contained some 9000 rooms, and front courts measuring 400 yards on a side, furnished with impressive marble terraces and curved railings. - Worlds Apart Worlds Together, vol B, 431.

• The number of county seats in the Chinese bureaucracy remained relatively stable over the centuries, as county boundaries were regularly redrawn to accommodate the growing population. They numbered 1180 in the Han, 1235 in Tang, 1230 in Song, 1115 in Yuan, 1385 in Ming, and 1360 in Qing. - Benjamin Elman, A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China, University of California Press (2000), 130.

• Agriculture began in China in the Yellow River valley c. 5600-4000 BCE. The chief crops were millet, taro, and yams, with rice cultivation first emerging in southern China & Vietnam, and wheat being later introduced from the west. - Craig, Heritage of Chinese Civilization, 2.

• Bronze appears in China c. 2000 BCE, which is 1000 years later than Mesopotamia, and 500 years later than in India. - Craig, Heritage of Chinese Civilization, 6.

• Watanabe Kazan, in his Saikô seiyô jijôsho 再校西洋事情書, wrote that the major part of India had become a British possession, and that some coastal areas were Portuguese and French colonies. - Rambelli, Idea of India, 263.

• The character 士, which comes during the Warring States era to refer to scholar-bureaucrats, did prior to that refer to warriors. (Craig, Chinese Civ, 12) Thus, the Japanese usage, as in bushi 武士、士族, sort of comes back around, referring specifically to the warrior class while also possessing the connotation of the refined, cultured, cultivated scholar-bureaucrat.

• Hawaii enjoyed most favored nation status, and thus extraterritoriality in Japanese ports. - Masaji Marumoto, "Vignette of Early Hawaii-Japan Relations: Highlights of King Kalakaua's Sojourn in Japan on His Trip around the World as Recorded in His Personal Diary", Hawaiian Journal of History 10 (1976), 62.

• "Zen," from the Chinese "chan", comes from the Sanskrit dhyan, for meditation. - Francis DK Ching, A Global History of Architecture, 444.

• The popularity of imported karamono in the Muromachi period, and the need/desire to display them, contributed to the development of shoin architecture, including the chigaidana shelving, tokonoma alcove, etc. - H. Paul Varley, "Ashikaga Yoshimitsu and the World of Kitayama: Social Change and Shogunal Patronage in Early Muromachi Japan", in John Hall and Toyoda Takeshi eds., Japan in the Muromachi Age, 1977, University of California Press, (Berkeley), 192.

• Heian gardens are viewed from a stationary position from within the palace, versus Zen gardens meant for contemplation – not for beauty or for poetry - , versus Edo gardens which are walking gardens, for moving through.

As a rule, foreign women were not allowed on Dejima. The only women allowed to go there were courtesans from the Maruyama brothel. Officially, the yûjo had to leave the following morning, but in practice they were permitted to stay for a week. However, by the end of the Edo period in the early nineteenth century, enforcement of the restriction had become so lax that Captains were able to take yûjo onto the streets outside Dejima, or even smuggle courtesans to Shanghai in their ships. It was not only foreigners, but also the Japanese who enjoyed the company of the yûjo when they took a trip to Nagasaki from Edo or Kyoto. Maruyama was an oasis in the desert for the Dutch and Chinese who were otherwise confined to their restricted locations.

Johnson, Hiroko. Western Influences on Japanese Art: The Akita Ranga Art School and Foreign Books. Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing, 2005. p22.

p23 for details on Dejima.

• Genghis Khan was his Persian name; Crossroads & Cultures p441 gives his name as Chinggis.

• The earliest extant record listing the names of kyogen pieces dates to 1464 and is known as the Tadasu-gawara Kanjin-Sarugaku. The diary of Shôjô shônin of Ishiyama Honganji, written c. 1532-1554 indicates some as well, and a volume known as the Tenshô-bon, written in 1578/7, contains synopses of over 100 pieces. Kyôgen no Hon (1642), written by Ôgura Toraaki (d. 1662), 13th head of the Ôgura school, is the earliest real volume of kyogen scripts. In addition to other writings by Toraaki, four other anthologies of kyogen plays were compiled between 1646 and 1660. - Andrew Tsubaki, "The Performing Arts of Sixteenth-Century Japan: A Prelude to Kabuki," Educational Theatre Journal 29:3 (1977), 302.

• On origins of samurai/bushi, Karl Friday writes that during the Heian period, they were essentially miyako no musha, with much closer associations to their social peers within the Court & aristocracy than to a warrior or bushi identity, and that it was only after the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate and of the gokenin hierarchy that a distinctive bushi identity began to emerge. More details of his argument/explanation can be seen at: Karl Friday, Samurai Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan, Routledge (2004), 10.

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Roger Keyes, Ehon, NYPL 2006, p70.

• Kabuki actor Nakagawa Hanzaburô left Edo in the spring of 1705
• Ichikawa Danjuro II performs the role of Narukami for the first time in 1710.

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• hikime kagihana 引目鉤鼻 - simple line for the eyes, hook for the nose (in Heian/Kamakura emaki, e.g. Tale of Genji.
• fukinuki yatai 吹抜屋台 - "blown off roof" pictorial technique.

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Jack and Isabella Stewart Gardner visited Kyoto in 1883, and may have stayed at Chion-in.

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Lane p311 for pigments

"As the early Yoshiwara was primarily a place of entertainment and socializing, sex was a discreet and secondary aspect of the business. Indeed, Edward Seidensticker has gone so far as to liken an evening at the Yoshiwara to an afternoon of tea." - Seigle. p152.

Courtesans in the harimise 張見世 of a teahouse would sit in three rows, and perform a concert from roughly dusk (the sixth hour) until midnight (the 9th hour). - Kobayashi Tadashi & Julie Nelson Davis. "Floating World of Light and Shadow." p96

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Tim Clark's article on Kabuki, for bios of Nakamura Nakazo I, Yanagisawa Nobutoki, and other good stuff.

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Many Okinawans served as police, teachers, or otherwise were involved in colonial Taiwan. These people, who had only just "become" "Japanese" a few decades earlier, and who spoke pidgin or creole Japanese, were now the representatives of the Empire, teaching Japanese language, culture, attitudes, civics, to the "colonized" Taiwanese. - Mashiko Hidenori, "The Creation of 'Okinawans' and Formation of the Japanese Nation-State," Social Science Japan 14 (1998), 12.

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• Several historical figures are believed to have been manifestations of the Guze Kannon, starting with Queen Srimala (勝鬘夫人) who heard the dharma directly from Shakamuni, the Chinese monk Nanyue Huisi 南岳慧思, King Songmyong 聖明 of Paekche, and finally Shotoku Taishi, believed the final living manifestation of Guze Kannon. - Rambelli, The Idea of India, 245.
• Ataka & Kanjincho take place in Komatsu, Ishikawa-ken
• Noodles from millet first made in China c. 3000-2000 BCE. (Crossroads & Cultures p379)
• Tsuruya Shôgen 鶴屋将監 - wakô raider
• Kaiin Jôko, a monk from Kyoto who became abbot of Shuri Enkakuji
• Mie and Yarazamui gusuku lasted until the pre-war, and can be seen in a photo from Meiji 24. - Uezato Takashi. Fireweapons of Ryukyu. p86. More on the castle too.
• Hachisuka clan were not samurai!? but were merchants, arms merchants.
• Gusuku article needs expansion, from articles, from Kerr, etc. - currently cites only Kitahara
• Wet rice cultivation in mainland SE Asia by c. 1st century CE, spread to Java by 8th century.
• In 9th century, more than half of the 200,000 residents of Guangzhou are said to have been Jewish, Arab, Persian, and Indian traders. (Crossroads & Culture, 393.)
• Quanzhou boasted a significant Tamil merchant community in the 11th century.

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"The magistrate offices of North and South Edo, which took turns overseeing city administration, from fire prevention and publishing activities [i.e. censorship], to the adjudication of civil suits, operated with a staff of about 500 samurai officers. Of this number, only 24 were assigned to 'patrol duties' resembling the function of a modern police officer." - Ikegami Eiko, Bonds of Civility, p307.

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roughly 3000 oyatoi gaikokujin came to Meiji Japan at the invitiation of the government. By far the most of them were employed by the Ministry of Education, and were specialists in engineering and architecture. -Coaldrake, Art and Authority. p216.

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The (a?) Date clan mansion in Edo was located at Shiodome 汐留. (Ryukyu shisetsu, Edo he iku!. Okinawa Prefectural Museum. p36.)

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It is believed that over two thousand travel accounts were composed in the Edo period, including more than sixty relating to the island of Ezo. -- Plutschow Edo Period Travel Reader, p2

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Over 11,000 terakoya were established in the Edo period. - Arts of the Bedchamber exhibition website. Honolulu Museum of Art. (http://shunga.honolulumuseum.org/index.php?page=1)

As the Edo period (1615-1868) progressed, the cleats of a courtesans’ clogs grew in height and their kimono became increasingly heavy, making the choreographed “figure-eight” walk they were required to perform extremely challenging. Occasionally, a courtesan would stumble and fall during a procession, in which case she would be required to retreat to the nearest teahouse, send her attendant home for a new set of clothes, change into the new outfit, donate her previous outfit to the teahouse, and later pay the teahouse staff an additional fee for their assistance. For courtesans whose daily income was unpredictable and who were struggling to meet expenses for their shinzō, kamuro, and themselves, the mere possibility of such an accident must have been a source of intense anxiety. - Arts of the Bedchamber exhibit website

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During a daimyo's sankin kotai visit to Edo castle, only the daimyo and a certain number of higher-ranking retainers would actually enter the castle; the remainder of his retinue, some considerable number of middle- and low-ranking samurai, would remain outside the castle, sitting around on the ground, eating, drinking, chatting, sleeping, etc.

• First day of the 8th month was generally considered an auspicious day for giving gifts. The shogunate claimed the date to be in commemoration of ieyasu's first entry into the kanto in 1509. (Anne Walthall, Hiding the Shogun, p332)