- Established: 1636
- Japanese: 日光東照宮 (Nikkou Toushouguu)
Nikkô Tôshôgû is a Shinto shrine in Nikkô, dedicated to Tôshô-gongen, the deified Tokugawa Ieyasu. Originally constructed in the early 17th century, the many buildings in the complex are the defining example of the elaborately decorative gongen-zukuri architectural style.
Layout
One of the most famous sights within the Tôshôgû complex is the Yômeimon, a large karamon ("Chinese gate") loaded with intricately detailed carving and decorative elaboration. Named after one of the gates to the Kyoto Imperial Palace, the Yômeimon includes over 500 relief depictions of animals and people, including ones of elephants, giraffes, and other creatures about which knowledge was surely second or third-hand. Paintings of dragons by Kanô Tan'yû are located inside the gateway. Along with the Yômeimon, five other structures including the honden (main hall) and haiden (worship hall) have been designated as National Treasures. Another thirty structures on the grounds have been designated Important Cultural Properties.
The five-story pagoda at Tôshôgû was originally built in 1650, destroyed by fire, and rebuilt in 1818.
One of the many large torii on the site bears calligraphy from the hand of Emperor Go-Mizunoo reading "Tôshô Dai-gongen."
The stables at the shrine house a special white horse, closely associated with the Emperor; in recent decades, each successive white horse has been a gift to Japan from the government of New Zealand. The stables also bear, within their carved decorations, what may be the original depiction of the "See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil" monkeys (J: mizaru, kikazaru, iwazaru). The famous monkeys are attributed to Hidari Jingorô.[1]
History
The site was chosen by Tokugawa Ieyasu himself for this purpose, i.e., namely, the location of a mausoleum and shrine to him as a deified protector of the country. As Nikkô is located directly north of the Tokugawa capital of Edo, some have suggested that the site was chosen as part of a discourse connecting Tôshô-daigongen (the deified Ieyasu) with the North Star, as a protective deity.[2]
Prior to his death, Ieyasu instructed the Buddhist priest Tenkai, one of his close advisors, that he wished for his body to be interred at Kunôzan near Sunpu, his funeral to be held at Zôjô-ji temple in Edo, and his memorial tablets (ihai) to go to Daiju-ji temple in Okazaki, and after the one-year anniversary of his death, for a small shrine or hall to be erected at Nikkô.[3] Ieyasu died on 1616/4/17, and though some of these wishes were honored, in the end Tenkai managed to effect his own agendas.
Ieyasu was first enshrined at Kunôzan Tôshôgû, but less than a year later his body and spirit were relocated to a shrine at Nikkô, as a result of Tenkai's efforts. Tenkai also established another Tôshôgû within his Tendai school that same year (1617), and the shogunate established yet another, within the grounds of Edo castle, the following year. Further Tôshôgû shrines were established at Nagoya in 1619 and Mito and Kishû in 1621. Many other daimyô and major Buddhist temples followed suit.[4]
Construction at Nikkô on a fuller, grander, shrine began in 1634 under the third Tokugawa shogun, Tokugawa Iemitsu. This project cost, in the end, some 568,000 gold ryô, 100 kanme of silver, and 1,000 koku of rice; by some estimates, this amounted to roughly 1/5th of Iemitsu's total inheritance from his father.[5] The new structures were among the most ornate in the entire realm, and are decorated with 644 images of animals, 950 of birds, and 1,423 of plants. The expansion project was completed in roughly two years, in time for mourning ceremonies for the 20th anniversary of Ieyasu's death, held on 1636/4/17.[6]
A mission was sent from the Imperial Court in 1646 to visit Nikkô. Shoguns and other members of the Tokugawa family paid formal visits to the shrine as well on seventeen occasions over the course of the Edo period, beginning in 1617 (with most of these visits taking place early on, during the reigns of Tokugawa Hidetada and Iemitsu). Additional "shogunal" visits to the shrine were performed by shogunate officials (kôke, specifically) acting as the shogun's proxy.[7] Further, on several occasions in the 17th century, Korean and Ryukyuan embassies to Edo were obliged to journey to the shrine as well (beginning in the 18th century, they visited Ueno Tôshôgû instead). A visit to the shrine by Tokugawa Ieharu, if it can be taken as typical, involved a nine-day journey, and the shogun was accompanied by roughly 230,000 porters, 620,000 guards, and 305,000 horses.[8]
The shrine has undergone repair and restoration efforts on numerous occasions, including one effort in the 1740s-1750s, in which Miyagawa Chôshun took part. In fact, repairs have taken place so frequently that a "temporary" shrine building known as the Okariden, originally constructed in 1639 to house the shrine's deities during such repair work, has been retained permanently. It is the only such okariden temporary shrine in Japan that is maintained as a permanent structure.
The complex was divided in three by the Meiji government in 1871 - Tôshôgu and Futaarasan Shrine as Shinto shrines, and Rinnô-ji as a Buddhist temple.[9] This came at a time when a nationalist/Imperial cult of Shinto was being constructed, and the "foreign" religion of Buddhism was losing favor in the government. Matsudaira Katamori became the chief priest of the shrine in 1880.
In connection with the 300th anniversary of the shrine, a new structure called the Butokuden 武徳殿 was constructed in 1915. It was designed by master shrine carpenter Ôe Shintarô (1879-1935) to match and fit in with the historical buildings. Though originally intended to be a rest area for visitors to the shrine, in 1917 it was modified to become a hall for martial arts including kendô, jûdô, and kyûdô (archery). After World War II, the Allied Occupation authorities banned kendô and various other martial arts as part of their efforts to suppress the martial and militarist culture of Imperial Japan. When national-level kendô tournaments first began to be held again, the Butokuden was one of the venues where this took place; today, a stone outside the building marks it as the "site of the revival of kendô."
The "Shrines and Temples of Nikko [sic]" were named a World Heritage Site in 1999.[9] The designation covers 103 structures across 50.8 hectares, including 38 structures at Rinnô-ji, 40 at Tôshôgû, 23 at Futarasan, and two others.[3]
References
- ↑ Timon Screech, Obtaining Images, University of Hawaii Press (2012), 55.
- ↑ Maehira Fusaaki, "Edo bakufu to Ryûkyû shisetsu - Tôshôgû sankei wo chûshin ni" 江戸幕府と琉球使節～東照宮参詣を中心に, in Ryûkyû shisetsu, Edo he iku!, Okinawa Prefectural Museum (2009), 67.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Plaques on-site at Rinnô-ji, Nikkô.[1]
- ↑ Morgan Pitelka, Spectacular Accumulation, University of Hawaii Press (2016), 147.
- ↑ Adam Clulow, The Company and the Shogun, Columbia University Press (2014), 250.
- ↑ Pitelka, 149.
- ↑ Daniele Lauro, "Displaying authority: Guns, political legitimacy, and martial pageantry in Tokugawa Japan, 1600 - 1868," MA Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (2013), 34.
- ↑ Anne Walthall, "Hiding the shoguns: Secrecy and the nature of political authority in Tokugawa Japan," in Bernard Scheid and Mark Teeuwen (eds.) The Culture of Secrecy in Japanese Religion, Routledge (2006), 352n3.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Shrines and Temples of Nikko." UNESCO World Heritage Sites official webpage. UNESCO, 2012.