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The king and his party arrived in Japan aboard the British ship ''Oceanic'', sailing from San Francisco and arriving in [[Yokohama]] around 8 AM on March 4, 1881. They would then spend one day in Yokohama, twelve in [[Tokyo]], and the remaining six sightseeing in [[Kobe]], [[Kyoto]], [[Osaka]], traveling across the [[Inland Sea]], and in [[Nagasaki]]. After a stay of nineteen days, the king departed [[Nagasaki]] for [[Shanghai]] on March 22, around 5 PM, aboard the ''Tokio Maru''. Kalākaua kept a diary, and Armstrong published a book in [[1904]] based on his notes; however, unfortunately, the details of the king's private meeting with the Meiji Emperor went unrecorded.
The king and his party arrived in Japan aboard the British ship ''Oceanic'', sailing from San Francisco and arriving in [[Yokohama]] around 8 AM on March 4, 1881. They would then spend one day in Yokohama, twelve in [[Tokyo]], and the remaining six sightseeing in [[Kobe]], [[Kyoto]], [[Osaka]], traveling across the [[Inland Sea]], and in [[Nagasaki]]. After a stay of nineteen days, the king departed [[Nagasaki]] for [[Shanghai]] on March 22, around 5 PM, aboard the ''Tokio Maru''. Kalākaua kept a diary, and Armstrong published a book in [[1904]] based on his notes; however, unfortunately, the details of the king's private meeting with the Meiji Emperor went unrecorded.
==In Japan==
==Reign==
===Planning and Arrival===
Kalakaua took the throne in [[1874]], and is known for his active engagement on the international stage, and patronage of Hawaiian arts & culture.
Like the Meiji Emperor, he adopted numerous aspects of the trappings of European royalty, in order to advance ideas of the legitimacy of the Hawaiian Kingdom and seek respect from the Western powers. He had 'Iolani Palace built in a Western style, and furnished with Western-style furniture, much of it commissioned from master craftsmen in Germany and carved in Hawaii's native koa wood. Kalakaua also had 'Iolani wired for electricity and telephone before even Buckingham Palace or the White House enjoyed such amenities. The king himself wore Western-style military uniform, as the Meiji Emperor did, and adopted Western modes of court ritual and etiquette.
Kalakaua also had a still-famous statue of King Kamehameha I erected across the street from the palace, and was an active patron of hula and other traditional arts, including music, surfing, and Hawaiian martial arts. The annual Merrie Monarch Festival, the top hula competition, is named in his honor.
Politically, Kalakaua struggled against the Missionary Party, a political party founded in Hawaii by American plantation owners, land speculators and the like who pushed for greater advantages for businessmen like themselves, greater US involvement in the islands, stronger adherence to Protestantism, and a figurehead role for the Hawaiian monarchy. Opposing these pressures, Kalakaua pushed for a more strongly independent Hawaiian Kingdom, under a strong monarchy, and traveled the world to meet with world leaders, displaying his cultural and political savvy and seeking to negotiate favorable diplomatic relationships between his kingdom and other nations. These included meeting with [[Ulysses S. Grant]] in Washington DC, and the Meiji Emperor in Tokyo (as detailed below). Pushing against Western imperialism, Kalakaua initiated or engaged favorably with proposals for both a pan-Pacific confederation under Hawaiian leadership, or an alliance of Asian and Pacific polities under Japanese leadership.
===In Japan===
====Planning and Arrival====
The king's trip to Japan came as part of a world tour. He departed Honolulu on January 20, 1881, sailing first to San Francisco, and then making his way west, stopping in Japan, China, Siam, India, Egypt, various countries in Europe, England, and the United States, before returning to Honolulu on October 29 that same year. His traveling party was quite small, including a personal valet, and former schoolmates Chamberlain Colonel Charles H. Judd and Attorney General William N. Armstrong. Judd, Armstrong and the king had been classmates at the Chiefs' Children's School. For the duration of the trip, Kalākaua named Armstrong "Minister of State" and "Royal Commissioner of Immigration," in order that he might be of equivalent rank to government officials they would be meeting with. His stay in Japan was not necessarily conceived as a formal state visit, however; to the contrary, the king hoped to travel incognito, and arranged with a member of the ''Oceanic'' crew for a suite of hotel rooms in Yokohama. Despite no advance notice of the king's plans, the Japanese government arranged a formal reception, with the emperor appointing [[Hachisuka Mochiaki]], [[Date Muneki]], [[Ishibashi Masakata]], and [[Nagasaki Seigo]] to a reception committee headed by [[Prince Higashifushimi Yoshiaki]]. The Prince would attend to the king extensively throughout his nearly two-week stay in Tokyo.
The king's trip to Japan came as part of a world tour. He departed Honolulu on January 20, 1881, sailing first to San Francisco, and then making his way west, stopping in Japan, China, Siam, India, Egypt, various countries in Europe, England, and the United States, before returning to Honolulu on October 29 that same year. His traveling party was quite small, including a personal valet, and former schoolmates Chamberlain Colonel Charles H. Judd and Attorney General William N. Armstrong. Judd, Armstrong and the king had been classmates at the Chiefs' Children's School. For the duration of the trip, Kalākaua named Armstrong "Minister of State" and "Royal Commissioner of Immigration," in order that he might be of equivalent rank to government officials they would be meeting with. His stay in Japan was not necessarily conceived as a formal state visit, however; to the contrary, the king hoped to travel incognito, and arranged with a member of the ''Oceanic'' crew for a suite of hotel rooms in Yokohama. Despite no advance notice of the king's plans, the Japanese government arranged a formal reception, with the emperor appointing [[Hachisuka Mochiaki]], [[Date Muneki]], [[Ishibashi Masakata]], and [[Nagasaki Seigo]] to a reception committee headed by [[Prince Higashifushimi Yoshiaki]]. The Prince would attend to the king extensively throughout his nearly two-week stay in Tokyo.
As the ''Oceanic'' approached entered Yokohama harbor, its captain, with the king's permission, hoisted the Hawaiian flag. He was welcomed with a twenty-one gun salute. Hachisuka and Ichibashi then boarded the king's ship along with the vice governor of [[Kanagawa prefecture]] and an admiral of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]], presenting a formal invitation for Kalākaua to be a guest of the emperor for the duration of his stay in Japan. As he alighted from the ship, the emperor's military band began playing the Hawaiian national anthem, ''Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī'', the lyrics of which Kalākaua had written himself, and which had been adopted as the national anthem only five years earlier. All of this is said to have come at a complete surprise to the king, who had expected to maintain a relatively low profile. They were then taken to the Admiralty Office Landing, where they were met by Secretary [[Durham White Stevens]] of the American Legation, and Hawaiian Consul General [[Robert Walker Irwin]]. Finally, at around 11:30 AM, they met with Prince Higashifushimi, and made arrangements for an audience with the emperor the following day.
As the ''Oceanic'' approached entered Yokohama harbor, its captain, with the king's permission, hoisted the Hawaiian flag. He was welcomed with a twenty-one gun salute. Hachisuka and Ichibashi then boarded the king's ship along with the vice governor of [[Kanagawa prefecture]] and an admiral of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]], presenting a formal invitation for Kalākaua to be a guest of the emperor for the duration of his stay in Japan. As he alighted from the ship, the emperor's military band began playing the Hawaiian national anthem, ''Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī'', the lyrics of which Kalākaua had written himself, and which had been adopted as the national anthem only five years earlier. All of this is said to have come at a complete surprise to the king, who had expected to maintain a relatively low profile. They were then taken to the Admiralty Office Landing, where they were met by Secretary [[Durham White Stevens]] of the American Legation, and Hawaiian Consul General [[Robert Walker Irwin]]. Finally, at around 11:30 AM, they met with Prince Higashifushimi, and made arrangements for an audience with the emperor the following day.
===Tokyo===
====Tokyo====
Around 11:30 the following morning, the king and his entourage departed Yokohama on an Imperial train, arriving at Shinbashi Station an hour later, where they were welcomed by Prince Higashifushimi, who led them to a meeting with several Imperial princes and many of the top government ministers. The king then traveled by carriage to the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]], where he was received by the Meiji Emperor in the chief Audience Hall, and then walked with the emperor to another room, where the empress held court. [[Donald Keene]] points out that the emperor walking alongside Kalākaua, rather than requiring the king to walk at some distance behind, was particularly significant. [[Inoue Sueko]], daughter of [[Foreign Minister]] [[Inoue Kaoru]], served as interpreter for the empress. Following some formal exchanges between Kalākaua and the empress, and then between he and the emperor, the king and his people were led to the [[Enryokan|Enryôkan]], a former daimyô's residence where he was to stay. After settling in, the king was visited by the emperor and [[Prince Fushimi]] around 3:30 in the afternoon; this was done as part of efforts to adhere to European diplomatic practices & etiquette.
Around 11:30 the following morning, the king and his entourage departed Yokohama on an Imperial train, arriving at Shinbashi Station an hour later, where they were welcomed by Prince Higashifushimi, who led them to a meeting with several Imperial princes and many of the top government ministers. The king then traveled by carriage to the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]], where he was received by the Meiji Emperor in the chief Audience Hall, and then walked with the emperor to another room, where the empress held court. [[Donald Keene]] points out that the emperor walking alongside Kalākaua, rather than requiring the king to walk at some distance behind, was particularly significant. [[Inoue Sueko]], daughter of [[Foreign Minister]] [[Inoue Kaoru]], served as interpreter for the empress. Following some formal exchanges between Kalākaua and the empress, and then between he and the emperor, the king and his people were led to the [[Enryokan|Enryôkan]], a former daimyô's residence where he was to stay. After settling in, the king was visited by the emperor and [[Prince Fushimi]] around 3:30 in the afternoon; this was done as part of efforts to adhere to European diplomatic practices & etiquette.
The following day, on March 15, the Emperor met with King Kalākaua at the Enryôkan. Kalākaua bestowed the Order of Kamehameha I upon the Emperor, and upon [[Prince Arisugawa|Princes Arisugawa]], Fushimi, Higashifushimi, and Kitashirakawa.
The following day, on March 15, the Emperor met with King Kalākaua at the Enryôkan. Kalākaua bestowed the Order of Kamehameha I upon the Emperor, and upon [[Prince Arisugawa|Princes Arisugawa]], Fushimi, Higashifushimi, and Kitashirakawa.
===Departure===
====Departure====
On March 16, Kalākaua departed Tokyo aboard the ''Tokio Maru'', passing through Kobe, the Inland Sea, and Nagasaki before departing Japan entirely on March 22.
On March 16, Kalākaua departed Tokyo aboard the ''Tokio Maru'', passing through Kobe, the Inland Sea, and Nagasaki before departing Japan entirely on March 22.
==References==
==References==
*Masaji Marumoto, "Vignette of Early Hawaii-Japan Relations: Highlights of King Kalakaua's Sojourn in Japan on His Trip around the World as Recorded in His Personal Diary", ''Hawaiian Journal of History'' 10 (1976), 52-63.
*Masaji Marumoto, "Vignette of Early Hawaii-Japan Relations: Highlights of King Kalakaua's Sojourn in Japan on His Trip around the World as Recorded in His Personal Diary", ''Hawaiian Journal of History'' 10 (1976), 52-63.
*Matt Matsuda, ''Pacific Worlds'', Cambridge University Press (2012), 241-243, 246-249.
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