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...ain islands which formed the extent of the realm throughout its pre-modern history, i.e. excluding Hokkaidô and the Ryukyus obtained in the late 19th century *Conrad Shirokauer, Suzanne Gay, and David Lurie, ''A Brief History of Japanese Civilization'', Wadsworth Cengage Learning (2013), 3-5.

...px|Model of the inner palace compounds, at the National Museum of Japanese History]] *''Japanese'': 平城宮 ''(heijou kyuu)''

*''Japanese'': 金沢城 ''(Kanazawa-jou)'' ==History==

...]], remains today one of the most famous and most extensive collections of Japanese ceramics and folk objects in the world. Morse had no formal degrees from any university, but was granted an honorary PhD and hired as a profess

*''Japanese'': 北海道 ''(Hokkaidô)'' ...om 45 degrees north latitude at its northernmost point, [[Wakanai]], to 41 degrees north latitude at [[Matsumae]], the southernmost point on the island. Hokka

...rks a stark contrast with earlier periods of Chinese history, and with the Japanese system, in which official positions were, indeed, to a large extent determi ...throughout their careers. Many of the most prominent scholar-officials in history were among the top three candidates in their respective years.

*''Japanese'': 砂糖 ''(satou)'' ...represented unfair competition.<ref>[[Luke Roberts]], ''Mercantilism in a Japanese Domain: The Merchant Origins of Economic Nationalism in 18th-Century Tosa''

*''Japanese'': バーナード・ジャン・ベッテルハイム ''(baanaado jan bett ...ish communities around the Mediterranean. Possessing no British university degrees, and having converted so recently from Judaism, he had trouble obtaining fa

*''Japanese'': 源平合戦 ''(Genpei kassen)'' ...where in the Kanto, local families began to respond to Yoritomo in varying degrees and in Shimosa and elsewhere set about eliminating Kyoto-appointed officals

* ''Japanese'': [[武田]] 信玄 ''(Takeda Shingen)'' ...40; the Wakasa Takeda became vassals of the Asakura by 1560 and faded from history.

*''Chinese/Japanese'': 明 ''(Míng / Min)'' ...on by the end of the period,<ref>Craig, 100.; Benjamin Elman, ''A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China'', University of California Pr

*''Japanese'': 江戸時代 (''Edo jidai'') ==History==