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| *''Chinese/Japanese'': 嗩吶 ''(suǒnà / sonai)'', チャルメラ ''(charumera)'' | | *''Chinese/Japanese'': 嗩吶 ''(suǒnà / sonai)'', チャルメラ ''(charumera)'' |
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− | The ''suǒnà'', sometimes known as a shawm in English, is a Chinese double-reed oboe-like instrument derived from the Middle Eastern ''zurna''. Though not generally used in Japanese traditions, street processions performed by [[Ryukyuan embassies to Edo]] included ''suǒnà'' alongside a number of gongs and drums. The ''suǒnà'' was also used in Ryukyuan ''uzagaku'' (chamber music) performances, both within the Ryukyuan royal court, and by members of the embassies performing in [[Shimazu clan]] [[daimyo yashiki|mansions]] or [[Edo castle|the shogun's castle]] in [[Edo]]. | + | The ''suǒnà'', sometimes known as a shawm in English, is a Chinese double-reed oboe-like instrument derived from the Middle Eastern ''zurna''. Though not generally used in Japanese traditions, [[rojigaku|street processions]] performed by [[Ryukyuan embassies to Edo]] included ''suǒnà'' alongside a number of gongs and drums; the sound of the ''suǒnà'' was considered a symbol of the king's authority, and as something which ornamented or added to his presence.<ref>Kaneshiro Atsumi 金城厚, “Ryūkyū no gaikō girei ni okeru gakki ensō no imi” 「琉球の外交儀礼における楽器演奏の意味」, Musa ムーサ 14 (2013), 59.</ref> The ''suǒnà'' was also used in Ryukyuan ''[[uzagaku]]'' (chamber music) performances, both within the Ryukyuan royal court, and by members of the embassies performing in [[Shimazu clan]] [[daimyo yashiki|mansions]] or [[Edo castle|the shogun's castle]] in [[Edo]]. |
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− | Where the instrument ''does'' appear in Japanese contexts, it is often called the ''charumera'', from the Portuguese ''charamela'', which in turn derived from the French term ''chalumeau''.<ref>''Uzagaku: The Vanished Tradition of Ryukyuan Court Music'', CD liner notes, Uzagaku fukugen ensô kenkyûkai (2007), 18.</ref> | + | An 18th century Ryukyuan ''suona'' surviving in [[Owari Tokugawa clan|Tokugawa]] collections is made primarily of brass and [[lacquer]]ed wood. Seven finger holes on one side of the instrument, and one on the reverse side, are coated on the inside with [[gold leaf]]. One more hole allows a tassel to be attached, for decorative purposes, and does not affect the sound of the instrument.<ref>''Okinawa bijutsu zenshû'' 5, 342.</ref> |
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| + | Where the instrument ''does'' appear in Japanese contexts, it is often called the ''charumera'', from the Portuguese ''charamela'', which in turn derived from the French term ''chalumeau''.<ref>Higa Etsuko, Robin Thompson (trans.), ''Uzagaku: The Vanished Tradition of Ryukyuan Court Music'', CD liner notes, Uzagaku fukugen ensô kenkyûkai (2007), 18.</ref> |
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| The ''suǒnà'' was first introduced into China in the early 16th century, and comes in a variety of sizes, with smaller ones being called ''hǎidí'' (海笛, lit. "ocean flute"). It is played using circular breathing to maintain a constant tone. The ''suǒnà'' was primarily used in military contexts in China, traditionally, but is today played either solo or in ensembles. | | The ''suǒnà'' was first introduced into China in the early 16th century, and comes in a variety of sizes, with smaller ones being called ''hǎidí'' (海笛, lit. "ocean flute"). It is played using circular breathing to maintain a constant tone. The ''suǒnà'' was primarily used in military contexts in China, traditionally, but is today played either solo or in ensembles. |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| *Gallery labels, Musical Instruments gallery, Metropolitan Museum of Art. | | *Gallery labels, Musical Instruments gallery, Metropolitan Museum of Art. |
| + | <references/> |
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| [[Category:Art and Architecture]] | | [[Category:Art and Architecture]] |
| [[Category:Poetry and Theater]] | | [[Category:Poetry and Theater]] |