Chang'an

• Chinese: 長安 (Chang'an)

Chang'an, today called Xi'an, was the capital of China during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Its layout, meant to mirror the organization of the cosmos and to have powerful cosmological or geomantic effects, served as the model for many later Chinese capitals, and the cities of Heijô-kyô (Nara), Heian-kyô (Kyoto), and Fujiwara-kyô in Japan, as well as royal capitals of Korea.

The city was established by the first emperor of the Sui Dynasty, as a show of his power and legitimacy. The city was damaged in the revolts which brought the fall of the Sui, but was rebuilt soon afterwards by the Tang Imperial Court, again to serve as a symbol of the dynasty's power and legitimacy.

Layout

At its height, the city may have been home to as many as one million people. Its earthen, brick-covered city walls, five meters high, formed a rectangle roughly 8.4 km from north to south, and 9.5 km from east to west. Within the walls, the city was divided into one hundred districts, separated from one another by high walls and gates which were sealed overnight, in observance with a curfew imposed upon the residents. This organizational pattern allowed the government to much more easily maintain registers of the number of families living in each district, and to tax them accordingly. Drum towers spaced throughout the city announced the hours, and soldiers on horseback patrolled the streets, especially at night, to enforce the curfew.

In earlier periods, the ideal Chinese capital was said to have had the Imperial palace at the center, facing south towards the city's chief temple, and with its back to the main marketplace, to the north, thus symbolizing the disdain for commerce held in Courtly elite culture and attitudes. The Sui and Tang Dynasties, however, were strongly influenced by Turkic and other Northern and Central Asian cultures, and organized their capital of Chang'an in a somewhat different fashion. The Imperial City, including the chief administrative districts, was at the east-west center of the northern wall, facing south, with the northern city wall forming the rear of the Imperial City. Two marketplaces were located in the centers, respectively, of the eastern and western flanks of the city. This basic model, with the Imperial City and markets located in this way within a near-perfect street grid, and a central boulevard running south from the southern gate of the Imperial City, dividing the city in half, east and west, served as the model for many later Chinese and Japanese capitals. One key difference, however, is that in these later capitals, the Imperial Palace was located within the Imperial City, at the center of the city's east-west axis, up against the northern wall, facing south. At Chang'an, by contrast, the Palace was located just outside the rectangle of the city walls, to the northeast, with the northern wall of the city forming the southern wall (and gates) of the palace complex.

Nearly one hundred Buddhist temples and numerous Taoist temples and shrines were scattered throughout the city, while a number of Syrian Nestorian churches, Persian Zoroastrian and Manichean temples, and Muslim mosques, were clustered in the foreign quarters around the Western Market. Some scholars estimate that as many as one-third of the city's inhabitants were of a non-Chinese ethnic background.

The majority of the city's buildings were built in wood on earthen foundations, and none survive, with the exceptions of the brick Little Goose and Big Goose Pagodas (the Tang Dynasty earthen city walls are likewise no longer extant). Tang Dynasty Imperial architectural styles survive, however, in many of the oldest and most famous buildings in the Japanese city of Nara.

History

Established at the start of the Sui Dynasty and rebuilt in the Tang Dynasty, the city fell and was recovered several times; the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763) and Huang Chao Rebellion of 880 were perhaps the most significant of these uprisings. The city was also attacked annually by Tibetan raiders in the 760s-780s, with the raids continuing at lessened frequency into the 9th century.

The city was destroyed in the overthrow of the Tang in 907, and never again served as the Imperial capital. Many of the palace buildings were at that time floated down the river to be incorporated into the reconstruction of Luoyang.

Now known as Xi'an, the city is one of the few major cities in China to retain this traditional gridded layout, though it today covers a much smaller, and more densely packed, area. The walls of the Ming Dynasty city, recently rebuilt with significant Japanese financial support, enclose an area roughly the same size as the Tang era Imperial City alone (although shifted eastwards somewhat from the original location of the Tang era Imperial City).