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| | *''Japanese'': 在番 ''(zaiban)'' | | *''Japanese'': 在番 ''(zaiban)'' |
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| − | ''Zaiban'' (lit. "resident watch[man]") was a title held by two types of officials in the early modern [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]]. The term can refer either to samurai officials sent from [[Satsuma han]] to keep an eye on the kingdom's adherence to Satsuma's policies, and also to Ryukyuan officials dispatched to the outer islands and some of the more remote regions of [[Okinawa Island]] to serve as inspectors. | + | The Ryukyuan ''zaiban'' (lit. "resident watch[man]") were officials of the Ryukyuan royal court, selected from the Ryukyuan scholar-bureaucrat aristocracy, to serve as representatives of the court overseeing goings-on in the outlying regions of [[Okinawa Island]] and of the more distant islands within the kingdom. Six ''zaiban'' were dispatched to [[Miyako]], [[Yaeyama]], [[Kumejima]], and seven to various regions on the island of Okinawa proper. In the [[Sakishima|outer islands]], one ''zaiban'' was assisted by two clerks. Kumejima had two ''zaiban'' - one overseeing Gushikawa ''[[magiri]]'', and one overseeing Nakazato ''magiri''. |
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| − | ==Satsuma ''zaiban'' in Ryûkyû==
| + | The position was abolished in [[1879]], along with the kingdom. The position of ''[[kuramoto]]'', however, continued.<ref>''Ryûkyû shisetsu, Edo he iku!'' 琉球使節、江戸へ行く！, Okinawa Prefectural Museum (2009), 48.</ref> |
| − | The Satsuma ''zaiban'' (resident magistrate) stationed in the main Okinawan port city of [[Naha]] was officially described in Satsuma documents as a ''[[metsuke]]'' (inspector). He and his staff of roughly 100 men from Satsuma oversaw activities in Ryûkyû, conveying orders and other messages from the daimyô, and reporting back whether the kingdom was behaving in accord with Satsuma's interests and edicts. He and his staff were explicitly required to limit their interactions with Ryukyuans as much as possible, and politically or administratively had only minimal influence on Ryûkyû's domestic affairs; it was chiefly in the fields of foreign relations, enforcing the ban on [[Christianity in Ryukyu|Christianity]], and matters of crime and punishment, that the ''zaiban'' exercised any significant degree of power or influence, and then, of course, only in accord with his orders from Satsuma. | |
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| − | The ''zaiban's'' staff of roughly 100 men included four ''[[yoriki]]'' (low-ranking samurai), several ''tsuke-yakunin'' (attachés), and a number of ''[[yokome]]'' (censors); some of these ''yokome'' were assigned to outlying islands, to keep an eye on goings-on there, on behalf of the ''zaiban''. Most of these men served only for periods of three years, before returning to Satsuma and being replaced by a new batch of officials. | |
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| − | As Satsuma's representative in Ryûkyû, the ''zaiban'' was forbidden from borrowing things or money from the Ryukyuan government treasury, or otherwise asking favors of the king; when members of the ''[[sanshikan]]'' or other high-ranking Ryukyuan officials came to his office on business, they were to be received by the ''zaiban'' himself, and not by members of his staff. As for the ''zaiban'' himself paying visits to government officials, or to the king, these were limited to New Year's greetings, official reports of the arrival or departure of the ''zaiban'' to/from his post, and certain other official circumstances; he was explicitly instructed not to overstay his welcome or to accept entertainments.
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| − | While the ''zaiban'' post and office were necessary for Satsuma to maintain some degree of awareness of, and influence upon, goings-on in the islands, it was at the same time to Satsuma's great advantage that it limit as much as possible its visible presence in, or influence upon, the islands. Throughout the Edo period, Satsuma made great efforts to perpetuate the fiction that the Ryûkyû Kingdom remained fully independent; Ryûkyû was useful to Satsuma primarily as a source of access to Chinese goods and information (intelligence) about conditions and events in China, and since the [[Ming Dynasty]] had severed all official Sino-Japanese relations, Ryûkyû's own relations with China could only continue so long as it was not a part of Japan. Or so the standard explanation of the logics of this triangular relationship goes.
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| − | Thus, numerous steps were taken to limit the visibility and impact of the ''zaiban'' office in Naha. The office staff, and the ''zaiban'' himself, were prohibited from bringing their families with them from Satsuma, and also forbidden from fraternizing with Ryukyuans, let alone marrying Ryukyuan women. Those who did the latter were dismissed from their positions and sent home to Satsuma, their Ryukyuan family forced to remain behind.
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| − | By way of minimizing both expenses, and interactions with Ryukyuans, the ''zaiban'' and his staff were quite restricted in their travels, and in entertainments and the like. Satsuma's policies stipulated that when traveling, one should travel directly to one's destination without delay, and that engaging in private trade or business was forbidden; further, while in Naha, even when entertaining Ryukyuan officials or other guests, the office was expected to avoid banquets or feasts, as well as extensive entertainments. The office of the ''zaiban'' was also meant to limit as much as possible cutting trees, using fuel, or its impact otherwise on Ryukyuan land and resources. Extensive hunting parties were similarly off-limits, due to the impacts on land and resources, the lavishness & expense of the activity, the potential of damage to private property, and the desire to limit interactions with Ryukyuans (e.g. officials who might be invited along on the hunt as guests). A certain amount of deer and boar hunting was allowed, however.
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| − | The ''yokome'' were charged with reporting back to Satsuma on the behavior of the ''zaiban'' and their other colleagues, in order to help enforce these many policies and restrictions.
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| − | ==Ryukyuan ''zaiban''==
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| − | The Ryukyuan ''zaiban'' were officials of the Ryukyuan royal court, selected from the Ryukyuan scholar-bureaucrat aristocracy. Six were dispatched to [[Miyako]], [[Yaeyama]], [[Kumejima]], and seven to various regions on the island of Okinawa proper. In the [[Sakishima|outer islands]], one ''zaiban'' was assisted by two clerks. Kumejima had two ''zaiban'' - one overseeing Gushikawa ''[[magiri]]'', and one overseeing Nakazato ''magiri''.
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | *"[http://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/storyid-41458-storytopic-121.html Zaiban]," Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia 沖縄コンパクト事典, Ryukyu Shimpo, 1 March 2003. | | *"[http://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/storyid-41458-storytopic-121.html Zaiban]," Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia 沖縄コンパクト事典, Ryukyu Shimpo, 1 March 2003. |
| − | *[[Robert Sakai|Sakai, Robert K.]] “The Ryukyu (Liu-ch’iu) Islands as a Fief of Satsuma,” in [[John King Fairbank]] (ed.), ''The Chinese World Order'', Harvard University Press (1968), 119-120.
| + | <references/> |
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| | + | ==See also== |
| | + | *''[[Zaiban bugyo|Zaiban bugyô]]'' - the Satsuma domain magistrate resident in Ryûkyû |
| | + | *''[[Ryukyu-gakari|Zaiban oyakata]]'' - the chief Ryukyuan royal official resident in Kagoshima |
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| | [[Category:Ryukyu]] | | [[Category:Ryukyu]] |
