Tokugawa Yoshinobu

Tokugawa Yoshinobu

Fifteenth and last Tokugawa shogun

• Japanese: 徳川慶喜 Tokugawa Yoshinobu, or Tokugawa Keiki
• Born: 1837
• Died: 1913

Reigned: 1866-1867

Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Edo period

Yoshinobu was the seventh son of Tokugawa Nariaki 斉昭, head of the Mito Tokugawa clan. He was adopted as heir of the Hitotsubashi Tokugawa clan.

When it became clear that the shogun Tokugawa Iesada was not going to produce an heir, Yoshinobu was proposed as heir by a group who believed that in the turbulant age (now known as the bakumatsu), a mature man was needed as shogun. The group included Shimazu Nariakira of Satsuma, who married his adopted daughter Atsu-hime to the shogun in an attempt to influence him. Yoshinobu's supporters even tried to get backing from the imperial court, involving it for the first time in a Tokugawa family matter (Reishauer p. 208). However, the young Tokugawa Iemochi of the Kii Tokugawa clan was named as heir just before Iesada died in 1858. The next year, during the Ansei Purge, Yoshinobu was ordered into domiciliary confinement. But in 1862 he was made the guardian of the young Iemochi, and upon the latter's death in 1866 became shogun.

Yoshinobu embarked on reform of the administration with the advice of the French envoy Léon Roches. There were also several attempts to form a council of leading daimyo which would be involved in government. Since until then only the hereditary Tokugawa vassal daimyo (fudai daimyo) had been involved in the administration, this was a major change. However, these plans fell through. Then Tosa han proposed that the shogun return his political authority to the emperor and head a council of daimyo under the emperor. The shogun would also continue to control the Tokugawa estate. Yoshinobu announced this "Return of Power" (Taisei Hôkan 大政奉還) in Kyoto on 1867/10/14 and was again entrusted with the government of the nation. But nothing really happened.

Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Meiji period

Two months later, forces of Satsuma, Chôshû, and several other han announced a Restoration of the Monarchy (Ôsei Fukko 王政復古) and the Boshin War started. Yoshinobu was defeated in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi and returned to Edo. When the anti-shogunate forces marched on the city, he decided to surrender, and troops entered the city peacefully on 1868/4/11. Yoshinobu was confined in Mito for a while, but later settled in Sunpu (Shizuoka-ken), the city where Ieyasu had retired to. In 1897, he moved to Tokyo, He was made duke (Kôshaku 公爵) in 1902.

Tokugawa Yoshinobu in Fiction

Television

• Tokugawa Yoshinobu (徳川慶喜) NHK 1998

Books

• Saigo no Shôgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu (最後の将軍-徳川慶喜) Shiba Ryôtarô
• Tokugawa Yoshinobu (徳川慶喜) Yamaoka Sôhachi

Historical materials

• Sekimukai Hikki (昔夢会筆記) Tokugawa Yoshinobu
• Tokugawa Yoshinobu Kô Den　(徳川慶喜公伝) Shibusawa Eiichi
• Kiku to Aoi no monogatari (菊と葵のものがたり) Takamatsunomiya Kikuko

References

• Fairbank, John K., Edwin O. Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig, East Asia: The Modern Transformation, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1965.
• Kôjien Dictionary