Changes

Ainu traded extensively with not only Wajin, but also with indigenous northern peoples such as the [[Nivkh]] and [[Uilta]] and to some extent with Chinese empires; robes and other items from the [[Qing Empire]] occasionally made their way into Ainu hands.<ref>David Howell, "Is Ainu History Japanese History?," in ann-elise lewallen, Mark Hudson, Mark Watson (eds.), ''Beyond Ainu Studies'', University of Hawaii Press (2015), 106.</ref>

Ainu traded extensively with not only Wajin, but also with indigenous northern peoples such as the [[Nivkh]] and [[Uilta]] and to some extent with Chinese empires; robes and other items from the [[Qing Empire]] occasionally made their way into Ainu hands.<ref>David Howell, "Is Ainu History Japanese History?," in ann-elise lewallen, Mark Hudson, Mark Watson (eds.), ''Beyond Ainu Studies'', University of Hawaii Press (2015), 106.</ref>

It is unclear when the very first Japanese (Wajin) settlements on Hokkaidô may have first taken place, but some small number of settlements certainly existed by the 15th century. Trade and other peaceful interactions took place alongside tensions and conflicts.

It is unclear when the very first Japanese (Wajin) settlements on Hokkaidô may have first taken place, but some small number of settlements certainly existed by the 15th century. Trade and other peaceful interactions took place alongside tensions and conflicts. The [[Ando clan|Andô samurai clan]] dominated the region immediately north and south of the Tsugaru Strait in the 14th to 15th centuries, trading extensively with the Ainu of the region and with Japanese and Korean traders from farther afield.<ref name=peri616>Howell, "Peripheries," 616.</ref>

One particularly notable Ainu revolt took place in [[1457]]. Led by a chieftain named [[Koshamain]], Ainu attacked a Japanese settlement headed by the samurai [[Takeda Nobuhiro|Kakizaki (Takeda) Nobuhiro]]. Though this would be one of the largest Ainu revolts in all of history, it ultimately ended in defeat for the Ainu. Though the Japanese still did not claim or exercise anything approaching total control of the territory, nevertheless, Nobuhiro and his settlement remained, additional settlements were established, including [[Katsuyama castle]] in [[1462]], and some groups of Ainu or other local native populations were obliged to begin paying [[tribute]] to samurai settlement heads.

One particularly notable Ainu revolt took place in [[1457]]. Led by a chieftain named [[Koshamain]], Ainu attacked a Japanese settlement headed by the samurai [[Takeda Nobuhiro|Kakizaki (Takeda) Nobuhiro]]. Though this would be one of the largest Ainu revolts in all of history, it ultimately ended in defeat for the Ainu. Though the Japanese still did not claim or exercise anything approaching total control of the territory, nevertheless, Nobuhiro and his settlement remained, additional settlements were established, including [[Katsuyama castle]] in [[1462]], and some groups of Ainu or other local native populations were obliged to begin paying [[tribute]] to samurai settlement heads.

===Edo Period===

===Edo Period===

[[Matsumae Yoshihiro|Kakizaki Yoshihiro]], a descendant of the Kakizaki Nobuhiro who defeated Koshamain's Revolt in the 15th century, was the predominant power-holder in the southern tip of Hokkaidô at the end of the 16th century. Submitting to the authority of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], he then later submitted to the authority of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] as well, and in [[1606]] changed his name from Kakizaki to Matsumae.

[[Matsumae Yoshihiro|Kakizaki Yoshihiro]], a descendant of the Kakizaki Nobuhiro who defeated Koshamain's Revolt in the 15th century, was the predominant power-holder in the southern tip of Hokkaidô at the end of the 16th century. Submitting to the authority of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] in [[1593]] in exchange for Hideyoshi's formal recognition of a Kakizaki monopoly on trade with the Ainu,<ref name=peri616/> he then later submitted similarly to the authority of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] as well, and in [[1606]] changed his name from Kakizaki to Matsumae.

Yoshihiro built Matsumae castle that same year, and made it the primary seat of governance and administration for his newly-renamed Matsumae clan. The shogunate granted the clan exclusive rights and responsibilities by the shogunate for overseeing relations with the Ainu, management of the vast northern frontier zone, and defense of the realm against threats from the north. However, unlike all other daimyô clans, the Matsumae were not formally enfeoffed in any designated territory, nor associated with a specified ''[[kokudaka]]'' (numerical ranking of power or wealth based on a presumed rice productivity of their land).

Yoshihiro built Matsumae castle that same year, and made it the primary seat of governance and administration for his newly-renamed Matsumae clan. The shogunate granted the clan exclusive rights and responsibilities by the shogunate for overseeing relations with the Ainu, management of the vast northern frontier zone, and defense of the realm against threats from the north. However, unlike all other daimyô clans, the Matsumae were not formally enfeoffed in any designated territory, nor associated with a specified ''[[kokudaka]]'' (numerical ranking of power or wealth based on a presumed rice productivity of their land).