Changes

Extensive repairs were made to Shuri castle in 1928-1933, while retaining the form it held since 1712.<ref>Interview with Matayoshi, 107.</ref> These were overseen by [[Ministry of Education]] engineer [[Sakatani Ryonoshin|Sakatani Ryônoshin]]<!--阪谷良之進-->, with the construction work itself led by ''[[miya daiku]]'' (shrine/temple carpenter) [[Yanagita Kikuzo|Yanagita Kikuzô]].<!--柳田菊造--> An underground headquarters for the 32nd Army was constructed below the castle in 1944, however, leading to its destruction in the 1945 Battle of Okinawa. The University of the Ryukyus was then established on the former site of the castle and remained there for many years, until, after decades of popular movements and pushes to see the castle rebuilt, the university moved and reconstruction finally began on the castle in 1992, on the 20th anniversary of the reversion of Okinawa to Japanese sovereignty following the US Occupation.  

Extensive repairs were made to Shuri castle in 1928-1933, while retaining the form it held since 1712.<ref>Interview with Matayoshi, 107.</ref> These were overseen by [[Ministry of Education]] engineer [[Sakatani Ryonoshin|Sakatani Ryônoshin]]<!--阪谷良之進-->, with the construction work itself led by ''[[miya daiku]]'' (shrine/temple carpenter) [[Yanagita Kikuzo|Yanagita Kikuzô]].<!--柳田菊造--> An underground headquarters for the 32nd Army was constructed below the castle in 1944, however, leading to its destruction in the 1945 Battle of Okinawa. The University of the Ryukyus was then established on the former site of the castle and remained there for many years, until, after decades of popular movements and pushes to see the castle rebuilt, the university moved and reconstruction finally began on the castle in 1992, on the 20th anniversary of the reversion of Okinawa to Japanese sovereignty following the US Occupation.  

This was a long process, however. The Shureimon gate was the first portion of the castle to be restored, in 1958. Ten years later, in 1968-69, the main gate at the nearby [[Engaku-ji]] temple, along with the Benten-dô (Benten Hall) and Tennyo-bashi (Tennyo Bridge) at the [[Ryutan|Ryûtan Pond]] were restored. The Ryukyu Government<ref>The civilian government of Okinawan elected representatives governing alongside the US military government during the Occupation.</ref> decided upon a plan in 1970 to restore the castle and various cultural assets (artifacts) lost in the war. The same year, the national government of Japan reached a cabinet decision regarding the reversion of Okinawa to Japanese authority (i.e. the end of the Occupation), and made clear its support for the restoration of the castle and cultural assets. The following year, funds were explicitly set aside for the restoration project within the budget of the Ministry of State for Okinawa and the [[Northern Territories]]. In 1972, the US Occupation ended and Japanese administration of Okinawa prefecture was resumed; the site was then named a "Historical Site" (''shiseki'') under the [[Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties]], and an official Okinawa Promotion and Development Plan that year explicitly included discussion of a plan to restore the castle and associated cultural assets. Work then began on restoring other portions of the castle compound and surrounding areas, with the Kankaimon being restored over a two-year process from 1972-74 and the royal mausoleum at [[Tamaudun]] in 1973-76. An "Association for Realizing the Restoration of Shuri Castle" (''Shurijô fukugen kisei kai'') was established in 1973, and work began on the castle's Kyûkeimon gate in 1976. The Second Okinawa Promotion and Development Plan, put out in 1982, explicitly discussed matters including determining the extent of the grounds that should be made a public park, and the areas that should be made areas for historical and cultural preservation.<ref name=shimpo1992>"Shurijô fukugen no keii" 首里城復元の経緯, ''Ryukyu Shimpo'', 1 Nov 1992.</ref>

This was a long process, however. The Shureimon gate was the first portion of the castle to be restored, in 1958. Ten years later, in 1968-69, the main gate at the nearby [[Engaku-ji]] temple, along with the Benten-dô (Benten Hall) and Tennyo-bashi (Tennyo Bridge) at the [[Ryutan|Ryûtan Pond]] were restored. The Ryukyu Government<ref>The civilian government of Okinawan elected representatives governing alongside the US military government during the Occupation.</ref> decided upon a plan in 1970 to restore the castle and various cultural assets (artifacts) lost in the war. The same year, the national government of Japan reached a cabinet decision regarding the reversion of Okinawa to Japanese authority (i.e. the end of the Occupation), and made clear its support for the restoration of the castle and cultural assets. The following year, funds were explicitly set aside for the restoration project within the budget of the Ministry of State for Okinawa and the [[Northern Territories]]. In 1972, the US Occupation ended and Japanese administration of Okinawa prefecture was resumed; the site was then named a "Historical Site" (''shiseki'') under the [[Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties]],<ref name=okahashi2/> and an official Okinawa Promotion and Development Plan that year explicitly included discussion of a plan to restore the castle and associated cultural assets. Work then began on restoring other portions of the castle compound and surrounding areas, with the Kankaimon being restored over a two-year process from 1972-74 and the royal mausoleum at [[Tamaudun]] in 1973-76. An "Association for Realizing the Restoration of Shuri Castle" (''Shurijô fukugen kisei kai'') was established in 1973, and work began on the castle's Kyûkeimon gate in 1976. The Second Okinawa Promotion and Development Plan, put out in 1982, explicitly discussed matters including determining the extent of the grounds that should be made a public park, and the areas that should be made areas for historical and cultural preservation.<ref name=shimpo1992>"Shurijô fukugen no keii" 首里城復元の経緯, ''Ryukyu Shimpo'', 1 Nov 1992.</ref>

Reconstruction work on the Seiden and other central buildings began in earnest on July 18, 1989, with a groundbreaking ceremony (''kikôshiki'') and lumber-felling ceremony (''kobiki-shiki'') being held on November 2-3, 1989. While symbolic lumber was ceremonially carried down to Shuri from [[Kunigami]] as had been done in previous centuries, the restoration was completed primarily using wood from outside of Okinawa prefecture. [[Cypress]] from Taiwan was used for much of the central palace structures, including for the largest upright pillars, and woods such as oak<ref>''Quercus salicina'', J: ''Urajirogashi''</ref> and podocarpus (J: ''inumaki'', O: ''chaagi'') from [[Amami Islands|Amami]] and [[Tokunoshima]] were also used, along with materials from elsewhere. Okinawan architects, carpenters, and craftsmen headed the various aspects of the project, aided by ''[[miyadaiku]]'' (experts in traditional Japanese architecture & carpentry) and craftsmen from mainland Japan.<ref>"Shurjiô Q&A," "Shurijô o tsukutta takumi," ''Ryukyu Shimpo'', Nov 1, 1992.</ref> While the Seiden and certain other structures were restored in a traditional manner in all-wood-construction, the Hokuden, Nanden, and most other buildings were rebuilt in reinforced concrete, with only the outward appearance of being traditional-style wooden structures.<ref>"Beni no ugushiku," 57.</ref>

Reconstruction work on the Seiden and other central buildings began in earnest on July 18, 1989, with a groundbreaking ceremony (''kikôshiki'') and lumber-felling ceremony (''kobiki-shiki'') being held on November 2-3, 1989. While symbolic lumber was ceremonially carried down to Shuri from [[Kunigami]] as had been done in previous centuries, the restoration was completed primarily using wood from outside of Okinawa prefecture. [[Cypress]] from Taiwan was used for much of the central palace structures, including for the largest upright pillars, and woods such as oak<ref>''Quercus salicina'', J: ''Urajirogashi''</ref> and podocarpus (J: ''inumaki'', O: ''chaagi'') from [[Amami Islands|Amami]] and [[Tokunoshima]] were also used, along with materials from elsewhere. Okinawan architects, carpenters, and craftsmen headed the various aspects of the project, aided by ''[[miyadaiku]]'' (experts in traditional Japanese architecture & carpentry) and craftsmen from mainland Japan.<ref>"Shurjiô Q&A," "Shurijô o tsukutta takumi," ''Ryukyu Shimpo'', Nov 1, 1992.</ref> While the Seiden and certain other structures were restored in a traditional manner in all-wood-construction, the Hokuden, Nanden, and most other buildings were rebuilt in reinforced concrete, with only the outward appearance of being traditional-style wooden structures.<ref>"Beni no ugushiku," 57.</ref>

Just beyond the castle walls could be found the Buddhist temple [[Engaku-ji (Okinawa)|Engaku-ji]] and the [[Ryutan|Ryûtan]] and Enkan ponds which were constructed for the leisure and recreation of visiting [[Chinese investiture envoys]]. One of the highest points in the compound, the "West Azana" or ''shimasoe azana'', is also situated outside of the castle walls. Here, banners would be flown and a bell rung to announce the time. The ''azana'' rises roughly 130m above sea level, offering extensive views of Naha city and harbor, and of the castle<ref>"Shisetsu annai: Nishi no Azana." Shuri Castle Park Official Website.</ref>. There is also an Eastern Azana, on the opposite end of the compound; these two ''azana'' were the chief watchtowers for the complex.

Just beyond the castle walls could be found the Buddhist temple [[Engaku-ji (Okinawa)|Engaku-ji]] and the [[Ryutan|Ryûtan]] and Enkan ponds which were constructed for the leisure and recreation of visiting [[Chinese investiture envoys]]. One of the highest points in the compound, the "West Azana" or ''shimasoe azana'', is also situated outside of the castle walls. Here, banners would be flown and a bell rung to announce the time. The ''azana'' rises roughly 130m above sea level, offering extensive views of Naha city and harbor, and of the castle<ref>"Shisetsu annai: Nishi no Azana." Shuri Castle Park Official Website.</ref>. There is also an Eastern Azana, on the opposite end of the compound; these two ''azana'' were the chief watchtowers for the complex.

The walls themselves, just over one kilometer in total length, are generally about three meters thick and range between 6 to 15 meters in height.<ref>Okahashi, Junko (2018) "[http://openarchive.icomos.org/2003/ Significance of reconstructed built-heritage after wartime destruction: Restitution of identity? New role in the subsequent society?]" In: International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) 19th General Assembly and Scientific Symposium "Heritage and Democracy", 13-14th December 2017, New Delhi, India, 2.</ref> They are composed of stones fit together to form a smooth, steep surface difficult to climb. Flat, narrow walkways topped the walls, but they lacked merlons (aka battlements or crenelations) or loopholes which would have protected defenders atop the walls while allowing them to fire down upon invaders<ref name=Turnbull44/>.

The walls themselves, just over one kilometer in total length, are generally about three meters thick and range between 6 to 15 meters in height.<ref name=okahashi2>Okahashi, Junko (2018) "[http://openarchive.icomos.org/2003/ Significance of reconstructed built-heritage after wartime destruction: Restitution of identity? New role in the subsequent society?]" In: International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) 19th General Assembly and Scientific Symposium "Heritage and Democracy", 13-14th December 2017, New Delhi, India, 2.</ref> They are composed of stones fit together to form a smooth, steep surface difficult to climb. Flat, narrow walkways topped the walls, but they lacked merlons (aka battlements or crenelations) or loopholes which would have protected defenders atop the walls while allowing them to fire down upon invaders<ref name=Turnbull44/>.

===Gates===

===Gates===