Changes

==Politics==

==Politics==

The Kamakura period marks a significant stage in the development of samurai rule. While the Taira clan held considerable power from the 1150s-1180s, they did so from within the Imperial court; the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate marks the first time that samurai rule, operating quite separately from the Imperial court, is asserted as a significant authority in itself. The Kamakura shogunate was never as strong as the [[Ashikaga shogunate|Ashikaga]] or [[Tokugawa shogunate]]s which succeeded it, however; it largely ruled over only the samurai, while the Court continued to govern the aristocracy, temples & shrines, and the common people. And powerful land-holders known as ''[[kenmon]]'' - including samurai families, court aristocrat families, temples, and shrines - continued to exert considerable local political and economic power in localities throughout the archipelago.<ref>Richard von Glahn, "The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant Network and the Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 74:2 (2014), 278-279.</ref> While the shogunate appointed ''[[shugo]]'' (military governors) to oversee each [[provinces|province]], the court still continued to appoint ''[[kokushi]]'' (civil governors). Further, the shogunate's authority did not extend over the entire archipelago, and there were many regions where shogunal authority was weak or non-existent. As a result, there were a number of areas in western Japan, particularly in Kyushu, but also even around Kyoto, where local groups claimed considerable power, or vied with one another for power, absent any effective control by either the Court or the shogunate. Some of these local groups came to be described as ''[[akuto|akutô]]'' (lit. "bad parties"), though this term was applied to a wide range of types of actors, from brigands, thieves, and those who sought to seize land & power by force, to those who wielded some rightful claim and simply sought to exercise or enforce that authority.<ref>Lorraine F. Harrington. "Social Control and the Significance of Akutô." in [[Jeffrey Mass]] (ed.). ''Court and Bakufu in Japan: Essays in Kamakura History''. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982. pp221-250. </ref>

The Kamakura period marks a significant stage in the development of samurai rule. While the Taira clan held considerable power from the 1150s-1180s, they did so from within the Imperial court; the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate marks the first time that samurai rule, operating quite separately from the Imperial court, is asserted as a significant authority in itself. The Kamakura shogunate was never as strong as the [[Ashikaga shogunate|Ashikaga]] or [[Tokugawa shogunate]]s which succeeded it, however; it largely ruled over only the samurai, while the Court continued to govern the aristocracy, temples & shrines, and the common people. And powerful land-holders known as ''[[kenmon]]'' - including samurai families, court aristocrat families, temples, and shrines - continued to exert considerable local political and economic power in localities throughout the archipelago.<ref>Richard von Glahn, "The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant Network and the Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 74:2 (2014), 278-279.</ref> While the shogunate appointed ''[[shugo]]'' (military governors) to oversee each [[provinces|province]], the court still continued to appoint ''[[kokushi (governors)|kokushi]]'' (civil governors). Further, the shogunate's authority did not extend over the entire archipelago, and there were many regions where shogunal authority was weak or non-existent. As a result, there were a number of areas in western Japan, particularly in Kyushu, but also even around Kyoto, where local groups claimed considerable power, or vied with one another for power, absent any effective control by either the Court or the shogunate. Some of these local groups came to be described as ''[[akuto|akutô]]'' (lit. "bad parties"), though this term was applied to a wide range of types of actors, from brigands, thieves, and those who sought to seize land & power by force, to those who wielded some rightful claim and simply sought to exercise or enforce that authority.<ref>Lorraine F. Harrington. "Social Control and the Significance of Akutô." in [[Jeffrey Mass]] (ed.). ''Court and Bakufu in Japan: Essays in Kamakura History''. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982. pp221-250. </ref>

Shogunal retainers are believed to have numbered only around 2,000 in the period from 1185-[[1221]], and around 3,000 afterwards. The total population of the archipelago may have been around 9.75 million in 1300.<ref>Robert Tignor, Benjamin Elman, et al, ''Worlds Together, Worlds Apart'', vol B, Fourth Edition, W.W. Norton & Co (2014), 410.</ref>

Shogunal retainers are believed to have numbered only around 2,000 in the period from 1185-[[1221]], and around 3,000 afterwards. The total population of the archipelago may have been around 9.75 million in 1300.<ref>Robert Tignor, Benjamin Elman, et al, ''Worlds Together, Worlds Apart'', vol B, Fourth Edition, W.W. Norton & Co (2014), 410.</ref>

Though the Minamoto clan founded the Kamakura shogunate, and the city, its control of the shogunate lasted only very briefly. After the first shogun, [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]], died in [[1199]], his widow [[Hojo Masako|Hôjô Masako]] named her father [[Hojo Tokimasa|Hôjô Tokimasa]] regent (''[[shikken]]''), and seized control over the shogunate. For the remainder of the period, the shoguns were largely pawns, or puppets, of the Hôjô, who exercised true political power. After the third Kamakura shogun, [[Minamoto no Sanetomo]], was assassinated in [[1219]], the Minamoto line of shoguns ended, and for the remainder of the period, Imperial princes and members of the court aristocratic [[Kujo family|Kujô family]] served as shogun.  

Though the Minamoto clan founded the Kamakura shogunate, and the city, its control of the shogunate lasted only very briefly. After the first shogun, [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]], died in [[1199]], his widow [[Hojo Masako|Hôjô Masako]] named her father [[Hojo Tokimasa|Hôjô Tokimasa]] regent (''[[shikken]]''), and seized control over the shogunate. For the remainder of the period, the shoguns were largely pawns, or puppets, of the Hôjô, who exercised true political power. After the third Kamakura shogun, [[Minamoto no Sanetomo]], was assassinated in [[1219]], the Minamoto line of shoguns ended, and for the remainder of the period, Imperial princes and members of the court aristocratic [[Kujo family|Kujô family]] served as shogun.  

The shogunate survived a conflict with the Imperial court [[1221|two years later]], known as the [[Jokyu War|Jôkyû War]], asserting and defending its power to interfere in the Imperial succession. By the end of the 13th century, the Imperial succession had split and alternated between two lines, the [[Daikakuji and Jimyoin lines|Daikakuji and Jimyôin lineages]]. The tension between these two lines increased after [[1297]], when the shogunate interfered again in the Imperial succession, demanding that [[Emperor Go-Uda]] (of the Daikaku-ji line) abdicate the throne in favor of his cousin [[Emperor Fushimi]] (of the Jimyô-in line), against the wishes of Retired [[Emperor Kameyama]] (of the Daikaku-ji line). This eventually led to the collapse of the shogunate as [[Emperor Go-Daigo]] fought to regain fuller control over the succession, and over governance in general, in the [[Genko War|Genkô War]] of the 1330s.

The shogunate survived a conflict with the Imperial court [[1221|two years later]], known as the [[Jokyu War|Jôkyû War]], asserting and defending its power to interfere in the Imperial succession. By the end of the 13th century, the Imperial succession had split and alternated between two lines, the [[Daikakuji and Jimyoin lines|Daikakuji and Jimyôin lineages]]. The tension between these two lines increased after [[1287]], when the shogunate interfered again in the Imperial succession, demanding that [[Emperor Go-Uda]] (of the Daikaku-ji line) abdicate the throne in favor of his cousin [[Emperor Fushimi]] (of the Jimyô-in line), against the wishes of Retired [[Emperor Kameyama]] (of the Daikaku-ji line). This eventually led to the collapse of the shogunate as [[Emperor Go-Daigo]] fought to regain fuller control over the succession, and over governance in general, in the [[Genko War|Genkô War]] of the 1330s.

==Economics==

==Economics==