Changes

==Policies==

==Policies==

Hakuseki was particularly influential in effecting a shift in [[Tokugawa shogunate|shogunate]] attitudes and policies regarding foreign relations, articulating the conceptual meaning and discursive value for the shogunate's legitimacy of conceptualizing foreign relations with [[Joseon Dynasty]] Korea and the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] in terms of a [[tribute|tributary]] relationship patterned after the [[Sinocentric world order|Sinocentric worldview]].

Hakuseki was particularly influential in effecting a shift in [[Tokugawa shogunate|shogunate]] attitudes and policies regarding foreign relations, articulating the conceptual meaning and discursive value for the shogunate's legitimacy of conceptualizing foreign relations with [[Joseon Dynasty]] Korea and the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] in terms of a [[tribute|tributary]] relationship patterned after the [[Sinocentric world order|Sinocentric worldview]]. In much of his writings and policy advice, he emphasized shogunal authority over the authority or autonomy of the ''daimyô'', and similarly avoided rhetoric of Imperial authority, though without overtly opposing or denying it.<ref>[[Mark Ravina]], ''Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan'', Stanford University Press (1999), 25, 42.</ref>

Among other reforms he advised implementing were the reversal of a [[1695]] debasement of the [[currency]], and a series of regulations on foreign trade implemented in [[1715]]. These regulations restricted the number of [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese]] and [[VOC|Dutch]] ships which could call annually at [[Nagasaki]] to thirty and two respectively, and instituted a system in the style of the Chinese [[kango boeki|tally trade]], in which Chinese ships leaving Nagasaki were given half a seal which, when matched up with the other half held by the Nagasaki customs office, constituted a license to trade.<ref>Robert Hellyer, ''Defining Engagement'', Harvard University Press (2009), 63.</ref>

Among other reforms he advised implementing were the reversal of a [[1695]] debasement of the [[currency]], and a series of regulations on foreign trade implemented in [[1715]]. These regulations restricted the number of [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese]] and [[VOC|Dutch]] ships which could call annually at [[Nagasaki]] to thirty and two respectively, and instituted a system in the style of the Chinese [[kango boeki|tally trade]], in which Chinese ships leaving Nagasaki were given half a seal which, when matched up with the other half held by the Nagasaki customs office, constituted a license to trade.<ref>Robert Hellyer, ''Defining Engagement'', Harvard University Press (2009), 63.</ref>