Changes

==History==

==History==

When the Portuguese first came to China in the early 16th century, they caused considerable trouble, and were expelled. After helping to expel pirates from the south China coast, however, in [[1557]] they were permitted to return and to engage in trade, but were restricted to the city of Macao, on a small peninsula walled off from direct access to the Chinese mainland.

When the Portuguese first came to China in the early 16th century, they caused considerable trouble, and were expelled. After helping to expel pirates from the south China coast, however, in [[1557]] they were permitted to return and to engage in trade, but were restricted to the city of Macao, on a small peninsula walled off in [[1574]] from direct access to the Chinese mainland.<ref name=tignor471>Robert Tignor, [[Benjamin Elman]], et al, ''Worlds Together, Worlds Apart'', vol B, Fourth Edition, W.W. Norton & Co (2014), 471.</ref>

Macao quickly grew into a major Portuguese base of operations in the region, and trading port, along with [[Goa]] and [[Nagasaki]]. Trade routes were established between Nagasaki and [[Malacca]] by way of Macao by [[1570]], and in the early 17th century, beginning in [[1614]] and continuing in the 1630s, many Japanese Christians fled to Macao as the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] began to enforce bans on Christianity.

Macao quickly grew into a major Portuguese base of operations in the region, and trading port, along with [[Goa]] and [[Nagasaki]]. By [[1562]], only five years after the first Portuguese arrival, there were already as many as 1,000 Portuguese living in or operating out of Macao. Other residents included Africans, Indians, and Melakans.<ref name=tignor471/> Trade routes were established between Nagasaki and [[Malacca]] by way of Macao by [[1570]], and in the early 17th century, beginning in [[1614]] and continuing in the 1630s, many Japanese Christians fled to Macao as the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] began to enforce bans on Christianity. Despite being denied direct overland access to Chinese domestic markets, the Portuguese at Macao played an active and lucrative role in the regional and worldwide trade in Chinese [[porcelain]]s and [[silk]]s, and for a brief time dominated the trade in Japanese [[silver]].<ref name=tignor471/>

The city continued to be officially Chinese land, albeit given over to use by the Portuguese, until [[1887]], when it was formally ceded to Portugal. Portugal relinquished all control of the city in 1999, returning it to Chinese administration.

The city continued to be officially Chinese land, albeit given over to use by the Portuguese, until [[1887]], when it was formally ceded to Portugal. Portugal relinquished all control of the city in 1999, returning it to Chinese administration.

==References==

==References==

*[[Albert M. Craig]], ''The Heritage of Chinese Civilization'', Third Edition, Prentice Hall (2011), 118.  

*[[Albert M. Craig]], ''The Heritage of Chinese Civilization'', Third Edition, Prentice Hall (2011), 118.  

[[Category:Cities and Towns]]

[[Category:Cities and Towns]]

[[Category:Sengoku Period]]

[[Category:Sengoku Period]]