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*''Japanese'': 俄 or 仁和嘉 ''(niwaka)''
''Niwaka'' were amateur farcical plays popular from the early 18th century onwards; closely based on professional [[kabuki]] plays of the time, ''niwaka'' performed by [[courtesans]] of the [[Yoshiwara]] were particularly popular, and sometimes depicted in ''[[ukiyo-e]]'' prints.
In [[Edo]], ''niwaka'' performances by courtesans came to be a regular annual event in the Yoshiwara; similar performances, called ''Gion nerimono'', also took place annually in [[Kyoto]], in conjunction with [[Gion Matsuri]]. ''Niwaka'' prints produced in Kyoto included not only those made in the standard [[printing and publishing|woodblock]] manner, but also ''[[kappazuri]]'' (stencil) prints.
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==References==
*Matsuba Ryoko, "Niwaka prints: a window into the relationship between publishers, patrons, courtesans and kabuki in Edo and Kyoto," Kabuki Symposium, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 13 November 2010.
[[Category:Poetry and Theater]]
[[Category:Edo Period]]