Glossary of Japanese aesthetics

A number of terms appear time and again to describe certain elements or aspects of Japanese aesthetic creativity and appreciation.

• Aware (哀れ) - pathos, something which is emotionally "moving." See also mono no aware. Associated especially with the Tale of Genji.

• En (艶) - "charming," or visually beautiful. Associated especially with the Tale of Genji.

• Ga (雅) - see Miyabi below.

• Makoto (誠) - sincerity

• Miyabi (雅) - refinement, elegance, courtliness, sophistication. Miyabi could incorporate or refer to other aesthetics, including things which were aware, en, or okashi, but miyabi includes an implication that the person appreciating these things in this way is educated, cultured, and possesses the refinement or sophistication to appreciate such things correctly, and to understand, or feel, the more profound symbolic resonances or emotional connotations of the thing being appreciated. The court music of the Nara and Heian periods is known as gagaku (lit. "refined entertainments" or "elegant music"), with the character for miyabi being read as ga.

In later periods, especially in the Edo period, the character for miyabi, read as ga, came to be commonly used to refer to elegance and refinement in contrast to zoku (俗) - things vulgar or mundane.

• Okashi (可笑し) - though related to the modern word okashii, meaning "strange" or "weird," the classical term okashi referred to things which were cute, delightful, or amusing. The term is used extensively, in particular, by Sei Shônagon in her Pillow Book (Makura no sôshi). The term is not used to describe sad, tragic, or moving things, except ironically, parodying the effort by the aesthetic of aware to find profundity and pathos in the simplest of things.

References

• “The Vocabulary of Japanese Aesthetics I,” in William Theodore de Bary et al eds. Sources of Japanese Tradition 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia U. Press, 2001), pp. 197-204.