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David Laʻamea Kamanakapuʻu Mahinulani Nalōiaʻehuokalani Lumialani Kalākaua<ref>Niklaus Schweizer, "King Kalākaua: An International Perspective," ''Hawaiian Journal of History'' 25 (1991), 105.</ref> was the second-to-last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of [[Hawaii|Hawaiʻi]]. He engaged in a world tour in [[1881]], visiting numerous countries and meeting with their leaders in order to enhance the prestige of the Hawaiian monarchy, familiarize himself with the royal practices of other nations, and to secure labor immigration agreements. In the process, he became the first head of state of any nation to circumnavigate the globe,<ref name=kamehiro>Kamehiro, 24.</ref> and the first foreign monarch to visit Japan freely;<ref>King [[Sho Nei|Shô Nei]] of the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] had been taken to Japan as a prisoner of war in [[1609]]-[[1611]].</ref> Kalākaua's meeting with the [[Meiji Emperor]] in March of that year set the stage for [[Japanese immigration to Hawaii]].

David Laʻamea Kamanakapuʻu Mahinulani Nalōiaʻehuokalani Lumialani Kalākaua<ref>Niklaus Schweizer, "King Kalākaua: An International Perspective," ''Hawaiian Journal of History'' 25 (1991), 105.</ref> was the second-to-last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of [[Hawaii|Hawaiʻi]]. He engaged in a world tour in [[1881]], visiting numerous countries and meeting with their leaders in order to enhance the prestige of the Hawaiian monarchy, familiarize himself with the royal practices of other nations, and to secure labor immigration agreements. In the process, he became the first head of state of any nation to circumnavigate the globe,<ref name=kamehiro>Kamehiro, 24.</ref> and the first foreign monarch to visit Japan freely;<ref>King [[Sho Nei|Shô Nei]] of the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] had been taken to Japan as a prisoner of war in [[1609]]-[[1611]].</ref> Kalākaua's meeting with the [[Meiji Emperor]] in March of that year set the stage for [[Japanese immigration to Hawaii]].

The king and his party arrived in Japan aboard the British ship ''Oceanic'', sailing from San Francisco and arriving in [[Yokohama]] around 8 AM on March 4, 1881. They would then spend one day in Yokohama, twelve in [[Tokyo]], and the remaining six sightseeing in [[Kobe]], [[Kyoto]], [[Osaka]], traveling across the [[Inland Sea]], and in [[Nagasaki]]. After a stay of nineteen days, the king departed [[Nagasaki]] for [[Shanghai]] on March 22, around 5 PM, aboard the ''Tokio Maru''. Kalākaua kept a diary, and Armstrong published a book in [[1904]] based on his notes; however, unfortunately, the details of the king's private meeting with the Meiji Emperor went unrecorded.

The king and his party arrived in Japan aboard the British ship ''Oceanic'', sailing from San Francisco and arriving in [[Yokohama]] around 8 AM on March 4, 1881. They would then spend one day in Yokohama, twelve in [[Tokyo]], and the remaining six sightseeing in [[Kobe]], [[Kyoto]], [[Osaka]], traveling across the [[Inland Sea]], and in [[Nagasaki]]. After a stay of nineteen days, the king departed [[Nagasaki]] for [[Shanghai]] on March 22, around 5 PM, aboard the ''Tokio Maru''. Kalākaua kept a diary, and Attorney General [[William N. Armstrong]] published a book in [[1904]] based on his notes; however, unfortunately, the details of the king's private meeting with the Meiji Emperor went unrecorded.

==Reign==

==Reign==

Kalakaua took the throne in [[1874]], and is known for his active engagement on the international stage and his patronage of Hawaiian arts & culture.  

Kalakaua took the throne in [[1874]], and is known for his active engagement on the international stage and his patronage of Hawaiian arts & culture. He visited the United States for the first time that same year.

Like the Meiji Emperor, he adopted numerous aspects of the trappings of European royalty, in order to advance ideas of the legitimacy of the Hawaiian Kingdom and seek respect from the Western powers. He had 'Iolani Palace built in a Western style, and furnished with Western-style furniture, much of it commissioned from master craftsmen in Germany and carved in Hawaii's native koa wood. Kalakaua also had 'Iolani wired for electricity & installed with electric lights before even Buckingham Palace or the White House enjoyed such amenities; it was also the first building in Honolulu to have telephones.<ref>Kamehiro, 59.</ref> The king himself wore Western-style military uniform, as the Meiji Emperor did, and adopted modes of court ritual and etiquette that combined Western and traditional Hawaiian attitudes and practices.<ref>Kamehiro, 26-54.</ref>

Like the Meiji Emperor, he adopted numerous aspects of the trappings of European royalty, in order to advance ideas of the legitimacy of the Hawaiian Kingdom and seek respect from the Western powers. He had 'Iolani Palace built in a Western style, and furnished with Western-style furniture, much of it commissioned from master craftsmen in Germany and carved in Hawaii's native koa wood. Kalakaua also had 'Iolani wired for electricity & installed with electric lights before even Buckingham Palace or the White House enjoyed such amenities; it was also the first building in Honolulu to have telephones.<ref>Kamehiro, 59.</ref> The king himself wore Western-style military uniform, as the Meiji Emperor did, and adopted modes of court ritual and etiquette that combined Western and traditional Hawaiian attitudes and practices.<ref>Kamehiro, 26-54.</ref>

====Tokyo====

====Tokyo====

Around 11:30 the following morning, the king and his entourage departed Yokohama on an Imperial train, arriving at Shinbashi Station an hour later, where they were welcomed by Prince Higashifushimi, who led them to a meeting with several Imperial princes and many of the top government ministers. The king then traveled by carriage to the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]], where he was received by the Meiji Emperor in the chief Audience Hall, and then walked with the emperor to another room, where the empress held court. [[Donald Keene]] points out that the emperor walking alongside Kalākaua, rather than requiring the king to walk at some distance behind, was particularly significant. [[Inoue Sueko]], daughter of [[Foreign Minister]] [[Inoue Kaoru]], served as interpreter for the empress. Following some formal exchanges between Kalākaua and the empress, and then between he and the emperor, the king and his people were led to the [[Enryokan|Enryôkan]], a former daimyô's residence where he was to stay. After settling in, the king was visited by the emperor and [[Prince Fushimi]] around 3:30 in the afternoon; this was done as part of efforts to adhere to European diplomatic practices & etiquette.

Around 11:30 the following morning, the king and his entourage departed Yokohama on an Imperial train, arriving at Shinbashi Station an hour later, where they were welcomed by Prince Higashifushimi, who led them to a meeting with several Imperial princes and many of the top government ministers. The king then traveled by carriage to the [[Kishu Tokugawa Edo mansion|Akasaka Temporary Palace]],<ref>With [[Edo castle]] destroyed by fire in [[1873]], the Imperial family resided at the Akasaka Temporary Palace (the former mansion of the [[Kishu Tokugawa clan|Kishû Tokugawa clan]]) until the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]] was complete in [[1889]].</ref> where he was received by the Meiji Emperor in the chief Audience Hall, and then walked with the emperor to another room, where the empress held court. [[Donald Keene]] points out that the emperor walking alongside Kalākaua, rather than requiring the king to walk at some distance behind, was particularly significant. [[Inoue Sueko]], daughter of [[Foreign Minister]] [[Inoue Kaoru]], served as interpreter for the empress. Following some formal exchanges between Kalākaua and the empress, and then between he and the emperor, the king and his people were led to the [[Enryokan|Enryôkan]], a former daimyô's residence where he was to stay. After settling in, the king was visited by the emperor and [[Prince Fushimi Sadanaru]] around 3:30 in the afternoon; this was done as part of efforts to adhere to European diplomatic practices & etiquette.

In the following days, the king enjoyed tours of the government printing office, arsenal, paper factory, and school of civil engineering. In the course of discussions on March 6, the king offered to relinquish Hawaii's treaty rights to extraterritoriality in Japanese ports; ultimately, the Japanese rejected the offer, in order to avoid international relations complications. On March 8, the king was honored with a military parade; according to Armstrong, as many as 10,000 men participated in the parade. Kalākaua rode alongside the Emperor as they reviewed the troops. The following day, during tours of the naval academy, [[Fukiage Gardens]], and military barracks, the king was accompanied by the 15-year-old [[Prince Yamashina Sadamaro]]. Later in his stay, Kalākaua would propose to the emperor, through intermediaries, that Hawaiian [[Princess Kaiulani|Princess Kaʻiulani]], then six years old, be betrothed to Yamashina. This proposal was turned down, in letters from Prince Yamashina in January and from Foreign Minister Inoue Kaoru in February the following year.

In the following days, the king enjoyed tours of the government printing office, arsenal, paper factory, and school of civil engineering. In the course of discussions on March 6, the king offered to relinquish Hawaii's treaty rights to extraterritoriality in Japanese ports; ultimately, the Japanese rejected the offer, in order to avoid international relations complications. On March 8, the king was honored with a military parade; according to Armstrong, as many as 10,000 men participated in the parade. Kalākaua rode alongside the Emperor as they reviewed the troops. The following day, during tours of the naval academy, [[Fukiage Gardens]], and military barracks, the king was accompanied by the 15-year-old [[Prince Yamashina Sadamaro]]. Later in his stay, Kalākaua would propose to the emperor, through intermediaries, that Hawaiian [[Princess Kaiulani|Princess Kaʻiulani]], then six years old, be betrothed to Yamashina. This proposal was turned down, in letters from Prince Yamashina in January and from Foreign Minister Inoue Kaoru in February the following year.

[[Category:Royalty]]

[[Category:Royalty|Kalakaua]]

[[Category:Foreigners]]

[[Category:Foreigners|Kalakaua]]

[[Category:Meiji Period]]

[[Category:Meiji Period|Kalakaua]]