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shuinjo
== Other Events ==
== Other Events ==
* The ''[[itowappu]]'' system is established, by which the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] grants monopolistic privileges in certain aspects of commerce to select Japanese and Portuguese merchants.
* The ''[[itowappu]]'' system is established, by which the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] grants monopolistic privileges in certain aspects of commerce to select Japanese and Portuguese merchants.
* The shogunate issues the first ''[[shuinjo|shuinjô]]'' (vermillion seal licenses) to authorize traders' activities in Southeast Asia, Korea, and elsewhere.
* The shogunate issues edicts formally announcing the beginnings of plans to assimilate and annex [[Ezo]] (Hokkaidô). The [[Matsumae clan]] of [[Matsumae han]], the only domain on the island, is granted exclusive trading rights with the [[Ainu]] in exchange for undertaking various responsibilities regarding the administration of the island and its native inhabitants.
* The shogunate issues edicts formally announcing the beginnings of plans to assimilate and annex [[Ezo]] (Hokkaidô). The [[Matsumae clan]] of [[Matsumae han]], the only domain on the island, is granted exclusive trading rights with the [[Ainu]] in exchange for undertaking various responsibilities regarding the administration of the island and its native inhabitants.