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[[Image:Yoshinobu1.jpg|right|thumb|Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Edo period]]

[[Image:Yoshinobu1.jpg|right|thumb|Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Edo period]]

*''Born: [[1837]]''

*''Born: [[1837]]''

*''Died: [[1913]]''

*''Died: [[1913]]''

*''Japanese:'' [[徳川]]慶喜 ''(Tokugawa Yoshinobu, or Tokugawa Keiki)''

*''Japanese:'' [[徳川]]慶喜 ''(Tokugawa Yoshinobu, or Tokugawa Keiki)''

Yoshinobu was the seventh son of [[Tokugawa Nariaki]] 斉昭, head of the [[Mito Tokugawa clan]]. He was adopted as heir of the [[Hitotsubashi Tokugawa clan]].  

Yoshinobu was the seventh son of [[Tokugawa Nariaki]], head of the [[Mito Tokugawa clan]]. He was adopted as heir of the [[Hitotsubashi Tokugawa clan]], and became head of that family in [[1847]].<ref>"Shiryôhen kaidai shiryô honkoku: Edo dachi ni tsuki oose watashi dome" 「史料編解題・史料翻刻「江戸立二付仰渡留」」, in Kamiya Nobuyuki 紙屋敦之 (ed.), ''Kinsei Nihon ni okeru gaikoku shisetsu to shakai hen'yô 3: taikun gaikô kaitai wo ou'' 『近世日本における外国使節と社会変容（３）－大君外交解体を追う－』, Tokyo: Waseda University (2009), p45n84.</ref> Later that same year, he enjoyed his ''[[genpuku]]'' (coming of age), being granted the use of a character from the name of Shogun [[Tokugawa Ieyoshi]], and changing his name from Akimune or Shichirômaro to Yoshinobu.<ref>Ishin Shiryô Kôyô 維新史料綱要, vol 1 (1937), 117.</ref>

When it became clear that the shogun  [[Tokugawa Iesada]] was not going to produce an heir, Yoshinobu was proposed as heir by a group who believed that in the turbulant age (now known as the [[Bakumatsu Period|bakumatsu]]), a mature man was needed as shogun. The group included [[Shimazu Nariakira]] of [[Satsuma han|Satsuma]], who married his adopted daughter [[Atsu-hime]] to the shogun in an attempt to influence him. Yoshinobu's supporters even tried to get backing from the imperial court, involving it for the first time in a Tokugawa family matter (Reishauer p. 208). However, the young [[Tokugawa Iemochi]] of the [[Kii Tokugawa clan]] was named as heir just before Iesada died in [[1858]]. The next year, during the [[Ansei Purge]], Yoshinobu was ordered into domiciliary confinement. But in [[1862]] he was made the guardian of the young Iemochi, and upon the latter's death in [[1866]] became shogun in January [[1867]].

 

When it became clear that the shogun  [[Tokugawa Iesada]] was not going to produce an heir, Yoshinobu was proposed as heir by a group who believed that in the turbulant age (now known as the [[Bakumatsu Period|bakumatsu]]), a mature man was needed as shogun. The group included [[Shimazu Nariakira]] of [[Satsuma han|Satsuma]], who married his adopted daughter [[Atsu-hime]] to the shogun in an attempt to influence him. Yoshinobu's supporters even tried to get backing from the imperial court, involving it for the first time in a Tokugawa family matter (Reishauer p. 208). However, the young [[Tokugawa Iemochi]] of the [[Kii Tokugawa clan]] was named as heir just before Iesada died in [[1858]]; Yoshinobu's visits to [[Edo castle]] were then suspended.<ref>Ishin Shiryô Kôyô 維新史料綱要, vol 3 (1937), 5.</ref> The next year, during the [[Ansei Purge]], Yoshinobu was ordered into domiciliary confinement. But in [[1862]] he was made the guardian of the young Iemochi, and following the latter's death in [[1866]] became shogun in January [[1867]].

Yoshinobu embarked on reform of the administration with the advice of the [[France|French]] envoy [[Leon Roches|Léon Roches]]. There were also several attempts to form a council of leading [[daimyo]] which would be involved in government. Since until then only the hereditary Tokugawa vassal daimyo (fudai daimyo) had been involved in the administration, this was a major change. However, these plans fell through. Then [[Tosa han]] proposed that the shogun return his political authority to the emperor and head a council of daimyo under the emperor. The shogun would also continue to control the Tokugawa estate. Yoshinobu announced this "Return of Power" ([[Taisei Hokan|Taisei Hôkan]] 大政奉還) in Kyoto on [[1867]]/10/14 and was again entrusted with the government of the nation. But nothing really happened.  

Yoshinobu embarked on reform of the administration with the advice of the [[France|French]] envoy [[Leon Roches|Léon Roches]]. There were also several attempts to form a council of leading [[daimyo]] which would be involved in government. Since until then only the hereditary Tokugawa vassal daimyo (fudai daimyo) had been involved in the administration, this was a major change. However, these plans fell through. Then [[Tosa han]] proposed that the shogun return his political authority to the emperor and head a council of daimyo under the emperor. The shogun would also continue to control the Tokugawa estate. Yoshinobu announced this "Return of Power" ([[Taisei Hokan|Taisei Hôkan]] 大政奉還) in Kyoto on [[1867]]/10/14 and was again entrusted with the government of the nation. But nothing really happened.  

Two months later, forces of Satsuma, [[Choshu han|Chôshû]], and several other han announced a Restoration of the Monarchy ([[Osei Fukko|Ôsei Fukko]] 王政復古) and the [[Boshin War]] started. Yoshinobu was defeated in the [[Battle of Toba-Fushimi]] and returned to Edo aboard a naval ship. His re-entry into the city does not appear as a popular spectacle in popular media of the time, though the entrance of [[Emperor Meiji]] into the city does, in a major way.<ref>[[Kurushima Hiroshi]], presentation at "[http://www.hawaii.edu/asiaref/japan/event2013/Index.htm#symposium Interpreting Parades and Processions of Edo Japan]" symposium, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 11 Feb 2013.</ref>

Two months later, forces of Satsuma, [[Choshu han|Chôshû]], and several other han announced a Restoration of the Monarchy ([[Osei Fukko|Ôsei Fukko]] 王政復古) and the [[Boshin War]] started. Yoshinobu was defeated in the [[Battle of Toba-Fushimi]] and returned to Edo aboard a naval ship. His re-entry into the city does not appear as a popular spectacle in popular media of the time, though the entrance of [[Emperor Meiji]] into the city does, in a major way.<ref>[[Kurushima Hiroshi]], presentation at "[http://www.hawaii.edu/asiaref/japan/event2013/Index.htm#symposium Interpreting Parades and Processions of Edo Japan]" symposium, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 11 Feb 2013.</ref>

When the anti-shogunate forces marched on the city, he decided to surrender, and troops entered the city peacefully on [[1868]]/4/11. Yoshinobu was confined in Mito for a while as an enemy of the Court,<ref>[[Anne Walthall]], "Nishimiya Hide: Turning Palace Arts into Marketable Skills," in Walthall (ed.), ''The Human Tradition in Modern Japan," Scholarly Resources, Inc. (2002), 49.</ref> but later settled in [[Sunpu]] (Shizuoka-ken), the city where [[Tokugawa Ieyasu|Ieyasu]] had retired to. In 1897, he moved to Tokyo, He was made duke (Kôshaku 公爵) in 1902.

When the anti-shogunate forces marched on the city, he decided to surrender, and troops entered the city peacefully on [[1868]]/4/11. Yoshinobu was confined in Mito for a while as an enemy of the Court. He took up residence there at the old [[han school|domain academy]] just outside the moats of [[Mito castle]].<ref>[[Anne Walthall]], "Nishimiya Hide: Turning Palace Arts into Marketable Skills," in Walthall (ed.), ''The Human Tradition in Modern Japan," Scholarly Resources, Inc. (2002), 49, 51.</ref> Later, he settled in [[Sunpu]] (Shizuoka-ken), the city where [[Tokugawa Ieyasu|Ieyasu]] had retired to. In 1897, he moved to Tokyo, He was made duke (''[[kazoku|kôshaku]]'', 公爵) in 1902.

Following his death, Yoshinobu was not enshrined and entombed like his predecessors, at either [[Kan'ei-ji]] or [[Zojo-ji|Zôjô-ji]], but was instead buried in [[Yanaka Cemetery]], in a still grand but comparatively ordinary burial.

Following his death, Yoshinobu was not enshrined and entombed like his predecessors, at either [[Kan'ei-ji]] or [[Zojo-ji|Zôjô-ji]], but was instead buried in [[Yanaka Cemetery]], in a still grand but comparatively ordinary burial.

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