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[[File:Ezo-map.jpg|right|thumb|400px|A map of Ezochi by [[Kondo Juzo|Kondô Jûzô]], dated [[1804]]. Hokkaido Museum.]]
*''Japanese'': 蝦夷 ''(Ezo)'', 蝦夷地 ''(Ezochi)''
*''Japanese'': 蝦夷 ''(Ezo)'', 蝦夷地 ''(Ezochi)''
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==History==
==History==
===Edo Period===
===Edo Period===
+During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate charged Matsumae domain with overseeing matters pertaining to Ezochi, including trade, relations with the Ainu, and defending Japanese territory (''Wajinchi'') against either Ainu violence or foreign invasion. The [[Matsumae clan]] was officially granted no territory in fief,<ref>Howell, David. "Ainu Ethnicity and the Boundaries of the Early Modern Japanese State." ''Past & Present'', No. 142 (Feb., 1994), p78.</ref> but because of this jurisdiction and authority over such a large area were nevertheless sometimes referred to as ''Ezo Dai-Ô'' (蝦夷大王, Great Kings of Ezo) or by similar terms.<ref>Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. "Creating the Frontier: Border, Identity, and History in Japan's Far North." ''East Asian History'' 7 (June 1994). p5.</ref>
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In [[1855]]/2, the shogunate reassigned jurisdiction and responsibility for Ezochi, dividing among [[Sendai han|Sendai]], [[Kubota han|Kubota]], [[Hirosaki han|Hirosaki]], [[Morioka han|Morioka]] and Matsumae domains what had previously been overseen by Matsumae alone.<ref>''Ishin Shiryo'', vol 2, pp19, 36.</ref> Later that same year, in 1855/10, the shogunate permitted shogunal vassals, retainers of the various domains, and commoners to relocate to Ezo, and granted loans to those who engaged in developing (''kaitaku'', 開拓) the land.<ref>''Ishin Shiryo'', vol 2, p133.</ref>
In [[1855]]/2, the shogunate reassigned jurisdiction and responsibility for Ezochi, dividing among [[Sendai han|Sendai]], [[Kubota han|Kubota]], [[Hirosaki han|Hirosaki]], [[Morioka han|Morioka]] and Matsumae domains what had previously been overseen by Matsumae alone.<ref>''Ishin Shiryo'', vol 2, pp19, 36.</ref> Later that same year, in 1855/10, the shogunate permitted shogunal vassals, retainers of the various domains, and commoners to relocate to Ezo, and granted loans to those who engaged in developing (''kaitaku'', 開拓) the land.<ref>''Ishin Shiryo'', vol 2, p133.</ref>
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+==Meiji Period==
+For about six months in [[1868]]-[[1869]], a group of loyalists to the former shogunate attempted to establish an independent state, known as the [[Republic of Ezo]]. Led by [[Enomoto Takeaki]] and based at [[Goryokaku|Goryôkaku]] and [[Matsumae castle]], they fought a number of battles against the armies of the newly-established [[Meiji government|Japanese state]], which eventually defeated them and extended its rule over the region.
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