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The height of production of Goryeo [[celadon]] wares, and the invention of moveable type, took place in the 12th-13th centuries.

The height of production of Goryeo [[celadon]] wares, and the invention of moveable type, took place in the 12th-13th centuries.

Goryeo was invaded by the [[Liao Dynasty]] ([[Khitans]]) in the 990s, and by the [[Mongols]] beginning in [[1231]].<ref>Rawski, 130.</ref> Mongol forces invaded Korea six times in the 1230s-1250s; though Goryeo initially attempted to sue for peace, it later turned to active resistance, holding off the Mongol invasions for nearly three decades before finally agreeing to acknowledge Mongol authority or superiority, so long as the Mongols withdrew from Korean soil.<ref name=jiyoung318>Ji-Young Lee, “Diplomatic Ritual as a Power Resource: The Politics of Asymmetry in Early Modern Chinese-Korean Relations,” ''Journal of East Asian Studies'' 13 (2013), 318.</ref> Despite this submission to Mongol suzerainty, the dynasty is considered to have continued until 1392, when it was succeeded by the [[Joseon Dynasty]].

Goryeo was invaded by the [[Liao Dynasty]] ([[Khitans]]) in the 990s, and by the [[Mongols]] beginning in [[1231]].<ref>Rawski, 130.</ref> Mongol forces invaded Korea six times in the 1230s-1250s; though Goryeo initially attempted to sue for peace, it later turned to active resistance, holding off the Mongol invasions for nearly three decades before finally agreeing to acknowledge Mongol authority or superiority, so long as the Mongols withdrew from Korean soil.<ref name=jiyoung318>Ji-Young Lee, “Diplomatic Ritual as a Power Resource: The Politics of Asymmetry in Early Modern Chinese-Korean Relations,” ''Journal of East Asian Studies'' 13 (2013), 318.</ref> Over the following century or so, a number of Goryeo kings married Yuan (Mongol) princesses; as at least one scholar of Korean history has written, "the royal house of Koryŏ became nothing more than a branch of the Mongol ruling family."<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 37-38.</ref> Yet, despite this submission to Mongol suzerainty, the dynasty is considered to have continued until 1392, when it was succeeded by the [[Joseon Dynasty]].

Though Goryeo remained independent from direct control by the Mongol Empire, Mongol authorities nevertheless interfered in Korea on a number of occasions, establishing post stations, conducting population surveys, and demanding hostages, provisions, and troops for the Mongol armies.<ref name=jiyoung318/>

Though Goryeo remained independent from direct control by the Mongol Empire, Mongol authorities nevertheless interfered in Korea on a number of occasions, establishing post stations, conducting population surveys, and demanding hostages, provisions, and troops for the Mongol armies.<ref name=jiyoung318/>