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[[File:Suona.jpg|right|thumb|320px|A Chinese ''suǒnà'' and ''hǎidí'' on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
[[File:Suona.jpg|right|thumb|320px|A Chinese ''suǒnà'' and ''hǎidí'' on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
*''Chinese/Japanese'': 嗩吶 ''(suǒnà / sonai)''
*''Chinese/Japanese'': 嗩吶 ''(suǒnà / sonai)'', チャルメラ ''(charumera)''
The ''suǒnà'', sometimes known as a shawm in English, is a Chinese double-reed oboe-like instrument derived from the Middle Eastern ''zurna''. Though not generally used in Japanese traditions, street processions performed by [[Ryukyuan embassies to Edo]] included ''suǒnà'' alongside a number of gongs and drums.
The ''suǒnà'', sometimes known as a shawm in English, is a Chinese double-reed oboe-like instrument derived from the Middle Eastern ''zurna''. Though not generally used in Japanese traditions, street processions performed by [[Ryukyuan embassies to Edo]] included ''suǒnà'' alongside a number of gongs and drums. The ''suǒnà'' was also used in Ryukyuan ''uzagaku'' (chamber music) performances, both within the Ryukyuan royal court, and by members of the embassies performing in [[Shimazu clan]] [[daimyo yashiki|mansions]] or [[Edo castle|the shogun's castle]] in [[Edo]].
Where the instrument ''does'' appear in Japanese contexts, it is often called the ''charumera'', from the Portuguese ''charamela'', which in turn derived from the French term ''chalumeau''.<ref>''Uzagaku: The Vanished Tradition of Ryukyuan Court Music'', CD liner notes, Uzagaku fukugen ensô kenkyûkai (2007), 18.</ref>
The ''suǒnà'' was first introduced into China in the early 16th century, and comes in a variety of sizes, with smaller ones being called ''hǎidí'' (海笛, lit. "ocean flute"). It is played using circular breathing to maintain a constant tone. The ''suǒnà'' was primarily used in military contexts in China, traditionally, but is today played either solo or in ensembles.
The ''suǒnà'' was first introduced into China in the early 16th century, and comes in a variety of sizes, with smaller ones being called ''hǎidí'' (海笛, lit. "ocean flute"). It is played using circular breathing to maintain a constant tone. The ''suǒnà'' was primarily used in military contexts in China, traditionally, but is today played either solo or in ensembles.
