| Under the [[kaikin|maritime restrictions]] imposed by the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in the 1630s, which would remain in force until the [[Bakumatsu Period]] (1850s), the only foreigners permitted to trade at the port of [[Nagasaki]] were the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] and the Chinese.<ref>These were not particularly strict definitions; other Europeans did come to [[Dejima]] with the Dutch, and a small number of people from other parts of Asia were included alongside the Chinese in the umbrella category of ''[[Tojin|Tôjin]]''.</ref> The volume of trade handled by the Chinese far exceeded that of the Dutch, however. [[Oba Osamu|Ôba Osamu]] has written that "Nagasaki trade was China trade," arguing for the importance of recognizing Nagasaki's place as the northernmost and easternmost point within larger, complex networks of Chinese trade, rather than (or in addition to) the Japanese perspective, in which Nagasaki is a lone exception to an archipelago of ports closed to foreign trade.<ref>[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 23.</ref> | | Under the [[kaikin|maritime restrictions]] imposed by the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in the 1630s, which would remain in force until the [[Bakumatsu Period]] (1850s), the only foreigners permitted to trade at the port of [[Nagasaki]] were the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] and the Chinese.<ref>These were not particularly strict definitions; other Europeans did come to [[Dejima]] with the Dutch, and a small number of people from other parts of Asia were included alongside the Chinese in the umbrella category of ''[[Tojin|Tôjin]]''.</ref> The volume of trade handled by the Chinese far exceeded that of the Dutch, however. [[Oba Osamu|Ôba Osamu]] has written that "Nagasaki trade was China trade," arguing for the importance of recognizing Nagasaki's place as the northernmost and easternmost point within larger, complex networks of Chinese trade, rather than (or in addition to) the Japanese perspective, in which Nagasaki is a lone exception to an archipelago of ports closed to foreign trade.<ref>[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 23.</ref> |
− | Prior to the imposition of maritime restrictions, Chinese lived among the Japanese community in a number of places throughout Kyushu, including [[Miyakonojo|Miyakonojô]], [[Usuki]], [[Funai]], [[Kumamoto]], [[Ikura (Higo)|Ikura]], [[Hakata]], [[Kokura]], [[Shimabara]], [[Hirado]], the [[Goto Islands|Gotô Islands]], and various places in [[Satsuma province|Satsuma]] and [[Osumi province|Ôsumi provinces]], as well as in [[Yamaguchi]] (western Honshû), [[Matsuyama]] (Shikoku), and [[Odawara]] and [[Kawagoe]] (in the [[Kanto|Kantô]], near [[Edo]]). Chinese had traded and settled in the Nagasaki area since at least [[1562]], a phenomenon which increased after the formal establishment of Nagasaki as a city in [[1572]].<ref>Arano Yasunori. "The Formation of a Japanocentric World Order." ''International Journal of Asian Studies'' 2:2 (2005), 194.</ref>
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| [[File:Tojinyashiki.jpg|center|800px|thumb|Scenes in the Chinese settlement, Nagasaki. A handscroll on display at the British Museum.]] | | [[File:Tojinyashiki.jpg|center|800px|thumb|Scenes in the Chinese settlement, Nagasaki. A handscroll on display at the British Museum.]] |