Changes

*''Japanese'': 長崎 ''(Nagasaki)''

*''Japanese'': 長崎 ''(Nagasaki)''

Nagasaki is a port city in [[Kyushu]], the capital of [[Nagasaki prefecture]]. It is perhaps most famous today for the atomic bombing of the city on August 9, 1945, but was in the [[Edo period]] one of the most major ports in the archipelago for international trade, home to communities of [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese]] and [[VOC|Dutch]] merchants.

Nagasaki is a port city in [[Kyushu]], the capital of [[Nagasaki prefecture]]. It is perhaps most famous today for the atomic bombing of the city on August 9, 1945, but was in the [[Edo period]] one of the most major ports in the archipelago for international trade, home to communities of [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese]] and [[VOC|Dutch]] merchants.  

The city was established as a trading post c. 1570-1572, and quickly became a major port for Portuguese and Spanish trade. Converted [[Christianity|Christian]] warlord [[Omura Sumitada|Ômura Sumitada]] ceded the port town to the [[Society of Jesus]] (Jesuits) in [[1580]], including judicial authority within the town. They quickly established a church and ''seminario'' (a Jesuit school for Japanese youths), which included within it a painting academy. The Christian community in Nagasaki enjoyed some considerable early successes, but soon came under persecution; in a particularly (in)famous incident in [[1597]], [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Nagasaki|26 Christians]] in the city, a combination of Europeans and Japanese converts, were executed at the orders of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. The [[Tokugawa shogunate]] issued its first bans on Christianity in [[1606]], shutting down Jesuit operations in Nagasaki and expelling them from the country in [[1614]]. European ships were restricted to Nagasaki and the nearby port of [[Hirado]] in [[1616]]. The Spanish were then expelled fully from the country in [[1624]], and Japanese were forbidden from returning from overseas in [[1630]].

The city was established as a trading post c. 1570-1572, and quickly became a major port for Portuguese and Spanish trade. Converted [[Christianity|Christian]] warlord [[Omura Sumitada|Ômura Sumitada]] ceded the port town to the [[Society of Jesus]] (Jesuits) in [[1580]], including judicial authority within the town. They quickly established a church and ''seminario'' (a Jesuit school for Japanese youths), which included within it a painting academy. The Christian community in Nagasaki enjoyed some considerable early successes, but soon came under persecution; in a particularly (in)famous incident in [[1597]], [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Nagasaki|26 Christians]] in the city, a combination of Europeans and Japanese converts, were executed at the orders of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. The [[Tokugawa shogunate]] issued its first bans on Christianity in [[1606]], shutting down Jesuit operations in Nagasaki and expelling them from the country in [[1614]]. European ships were restricted to Nagasaki and the nearby port of [[Hirado]] in [[1616]]. The Spanish were then expelled fully from the country in [[1624]], and Japanese were forbidden from returning from overseas in [[1630]]. For the remainder of the Edo period, foreign trade at Nagasaki was restricted almost entirely to the Dutch and Chinese;<ref>The "Dutch" community also included some other Europeans, such as Germans and Swedes, from time to time, and the occasional trading ship from Vietnam or elsewhere in Southeast Asia was accepted as falling under the category of ''Tôsen'' ("Chinese" ships).</ref> on the rare occasion that Russian or certain other ships attempted to enter the country, they were directed to Nagasaki as well, though they were rarely actually allowed to land people or enter into trade.

In the course of a series of these [[maritime prohibitions]] (''kaikin'') put into in the 1630s, the Spanish and Portuguese were banned from the country, and the Dutch were restricted to the tiny artificial island of [[Dejima]], in Nagasaki harbor. Chinese merchants, originally free to move about the city (and the country), and to intermingle with the Japanese, were restricted after [[1689]] to the Chinese neighborhood of Nagasaki, known as the ''[[Tojin yashiki|Tôjin yashiki]]'' ("Chinese mansions"). Pigs were raised in a certain area just outside of the city, serving chiefly these two foreign communities. Nagasaki was the only place in Edo period Japan where meat was commonly eaten, with the exceptions in other parts of the archipelago of the consumption of fowl, game animals such as bear, boar, and deer, consumption of meat for medical purposes, and of course the eating of fish.<ref>Herbert Plutschow, ''A Reader in Edo Period Travel'', Kent: Global Oriental (2006), 47.</ref>

In the course of a series of these [[maritime prohibitions]] (''kaikin'') put into in the 1630s, the Spanish and Portuguese were banned from the country, and the Dutch were restricted to the tiny artificial island of [[Dejima]], in Nagasaki harbor. Chinese merchants, originally free to move about the city (and the country), and to intermingle with the Japanese, were restricted after [[1689]] to the Chinese neighborhood of Nagasaki, known as the ''[[Tojin yashiki|Tôjin yashiki]]'' ("Chinese mansions"). Pigs were raised in a certain area just outside of the city, serving chiefly these two foreign communities. Nagasaki was the only place in Edo period Japan where meat was commonly eaten, with the exceptions in other parts of the archipelago of the consumption of fowl, game animals such as bear, boar, and deer, consumption of meat for medical purposes, and of course the eating of fish.<ref>Herbert Plutschow, ''A Reader in Edo Period Travel'', Kent: Global Oriental (2006), 47.</ref>