Changes

*''Founder:[[Sakuma Morimasa]], [[Maeda Toshiie]]''

*''Founder:[[Sakuma Morimasa]], [[Maeda Toshiie]]''

*''Demolished:[[1873]]''

*''Demolished:[[1873]]''

*''Reconstructed: 2001(yagura, nagaya)''

*''Reconstructed:2001(Yagura, gate)''

*''Type: Flatland-Mountain (''hirayama-jô'')''

*''Type: Flatland-Mountain (''hirayama-jô'')''

*''Japanese'': 金沢城 ''(Kanazawa-jou)''

*''Japanese'': 金沢城 ''(Kanazawa-jou)''

After having campaigned against the [[Ikko-Ikki|Ikkô-ikki]] of [[Kaga province]] on behalf of [[Oda Nobunaga]], [[Maeda Toshiie]] began to make plans to construct a castle to oversee his new lands, obtained following victory in the [[1583]] [[battle of Shizugatake]], in which [[Sakuma Morimasa]], who had controlled Kaga, was defeated. He chose the location of the village of Yamazaki (not the same site of the battle involving [[Akechi Mitsuhide]]), which had held the [[Oyama Gobo|Oyama Gobô]], a Buddhist temple-fortress subdued by Toshiie, upon which to construct it. Construction began upon Kanazawa castle in [[1580]] after Sakuma Morimasa seized the site, and was completed under Maeda Toshiie in [[1592]]. As the fortunes of the Maeda clan increased under the reign of [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], this castle was rivaled only by [[Osaka castle|Osaka]] and [[Edo Castle|Edo]] in size and majesty. At its height, the castle boasted over twenty towers.

After having campaigned against the [[Ikko-Ikki|Ikkô-ikki]] of [[Kaga province]] on behalf of [[Oda Nobunaga]], [[Maeda Toshiie]] began to make plans to construct a castle to oversee his new lands, obtained following victory in the [[1583]] [[battle of Shizugatake]], in which [[Sakuma Morimasa]], who had controlled Kaga, was defeated. He chose the location of the village of Yamazaki (not the same site of the battle involving [[Akechi Mitsuhide]]), which had held the [[Oyama Gobo|Oyama Gobô]], a Buddhist temple-fortress subdued by Toshiie, upon which to construct it. Construction began upon Kanazawa castle in [[1580]] after Sakuma Morimasa seized the site, and was completed under Maeda Toshiie in [[1592]]. As the fortunes of the Maeda clan increased under the reign of [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], this castle was rivaled only by [[Osaka castle|Osaka]] and [[Edo Castle|Edo]] in size and majesty. At its height, the castle boasted over twenty towers.

However, the complex was quite frequently beset with conflagrations. Beginning in [[1602]] when the ''[[tenshu]]'' was destroyed by fire, no fewer than 30 major blazes were reported. The ''tenshu'' was never rebuilt, though a three-story five-floored tower, the ''go-sankai-yagura'', was built to replace it. The ''honmaru'' was expanded in [[1621]], but it was destroyed a mere ten years later, along with that three-story tower. Following this [[1631]] fire, the daimyo residence and center of power was moved to the ''ni-no-maru'' (second bailey), where a structure known as ''ninomaru goten'' (second bailey palace) was built for that purpose. Another major fire raged through the compound in [[1759]], and while much of the castle was repaired afterward, some structures, such as the ''inui-yagura'' (northwest watchtower) were not rebuilt. Though the ''honmaru'' was likewise never rebuilt, the Maeda doggedly continued to repair the damage to other parts of the castle after each incident, and even initiated new construction (a rarity during the [[Edo period]] when castle construction and repairs were highly restricted and regulated).

However, the complex was quite frequently beset with conflagrations. Beginning in [[1602]] when the ''[[tenshu]]'' was destroyed by fire, no fewer than 30 major blazes were reported. The ''tenshu'' was never rebuilt, though a three-story tower was built to replace it. The ''honmaru'' was expanded in [[1621]], but it was destroyed a mere ten years later, along with that three-story tower. Following this [[1631]] fire, the daimyo residence and center of power was moved to the ''ni-no-maru'' (second bailey), where a structure known as ''ninomaru goten'' (second bailey palace) was built for that purpose. Another major fire raged through the compound in [[1759]], and while much of the castle was repaired afterward, some structures, such as the ''inui-yagura'' (northwest watchtower) were not rebuilt. Though the ''honmaru'' was likewise never rebuilt, the Maeda doggedly continued to repair the damage to other parts of the castle after each incident, and even initiated new construction (a rarity during the [[Edo period]] when castle construction and repairs were highly restricted and regulated).

The major gatehouse - the Ishikawa-mon - was built in [[1788]], and as late as [[1858]] the Maeda constructed a new armory (a two-story, 30-bay structure, giving it the name of ''Sanjukken Nagaya'') along with several other structures. The castle finally met its doom when the [[Meiji government]] took command of the site in [[1871]] and destroyed many of the buildings, those in the second bailey (''ni-no-maru'') lost to a fire ten years later in [[1881]].  

The major gatehouse - the Ishikawa-mon - was built in [[1788]], and as late as [[1858]] the Maeda constructed a new armory (a two-story, 30-bay structure, giving it the name of ''Sanjukken Nagaya'') along with several other structures. The castle finally met its doom when the [[Meiji government]] took command of the site in [[1871]] and destroyed many of the buildings, those in the second bailey (''ni-no-maru'') lost to a fire ten years later in [[1881]].  

Today, a number of structures of Kanazawa castle has been rebuilt, including the Ishikawa-mon, Gojukken-nagaya, Sanjukken-nagaya, and Tsuru-no-maru storehouse, though not including the ''tenshu'' or other ''honmaru'' structures. The castle site was used as a military base in the [[Meiji period]], and was home to Kanazawa University from 1949 until 1989. In 1997, the site was officially designated "Kanazawa Castle Park." Archaeological excavations continue, and several structures in the compound were reconstructed in the early 2000s using wood and traditional joinery methods.

Today, a number of structures of Kanazawa castle has been rebuilt, including the Ishikawa-mon, Gojukken-nagaya, Sanjukken-nagaya, and Tsurumaru storehouse, though not including the ''tenshu'' or other ''honmaru'' structures. The castle site was used as a military base in the [[Meiji period]], and was home to Kanazawa University from 1949 until 1989. In 1997, the site was officially designated "Kanazawa Castle Park." Archaeological excavations continue, and several structures in the compound were reconstructed in the early 2000s using wood and traditional joinery methods.

==Layout and Construction==

==Layout and Construction==

The Ishikawa-mon originally protected the rear entrance to the castle, but today has become the main entrance, and a symbol of the castle and of the city. The gate faces the [[Kenrokuen]] to the east, and is accessed via a bridge extended over what was once a moat, known as ''Hasuikebori'' (蓮池掘, "Lotus Pond Moat") or ''Hyakkenbori'' (百間掘, "Hundred Bays Moat"). Today, a roadway runs in its place.

The Ishikawa-mon originally protected the rear entrance to the castle, but today has become the main entrance, and a symbol of the castle and of the city. The gate faces the [[Kenrokuen]] to the east, and is accessed via a bridge extended over what was once a moat, known as ''Hasuikebori'' (蓮池掘, "Lotus Pond Moat") or ''Hyakkenbori'' (百間掘, "Hundred Bays Moat"). Today, a roadway runs in its place.

The stone walls of the castle were repaired and restored in [[1765]], though the structures standing today which compose the Ishikawa-mon date to 1788. The Ishikawa-mon is a ''masu-gata'' (枡形) or "square gate," composed in fact of two gates through which a visitor or invader must pass. Upon entering the triple-roofed [[koraimon|Kôraimon]] (高麗門), one must turn ninety degrees to pass through the two-story Yagura-mon (櫓門) boxing a small courtyard. Guards stationed atop the walls of the gatehouse and in a two-story watchtower overlooked and defended this courtyard, the bridge, and beyond.

The stone walls of the castle were repaired and restored in [[1765]], though the structures standing today which compose the Ishikawa-mon date to 1788. The Ishikawa-mon is a ''masu-gata'' (枡形) or "square gate," composed in fact of two gates through which a visitor or invader must pass. Upon entering the triple-roofed Kôrai-mon (高麗門), one must turn ninety degrees to pass through the two-story Yagura-mon (櫓門) boxing a small courtyard. Guards stationed atop the walls of the gatehouse and in a two-story watchtower overlooked and defended this courtyard, the bridge, and beyond.

 

 

The Ishikawa-mon grants access to the ''shinmaru'' ("new bailey") and ''san-no-maru'' (third bailey), which once held retainers' mansions, an arquebus armory, and various workshops and artisan studios. The ''gojukken-nagaya'' ("Fifty Bays Long Armory"), rebuilt in 2001, separates this space from the more central, and more important, ''ni-no-maru'' (second bailey).

Access to the ''ni-no-maru'' is attained chiefly via the ''hashizume-mon'' (橋爪門, "Bridge Claw Gate") at a corner in the center of the fifty-bay-long structure, where it turns to form a 90-degree angle. A short bridge, roughly 13.8 meters long and six meters wide, extends like a claw from the gate, over a narrow moat which runs the length of the ''nagaya''. One can easily imagine how significantly access could be denied by closing this gate, and how quickly a bottleneck would be formed in a large invading force passing through this point, even if the gate were open. The bridge and gate are further defended by a watchtower, known as the ''hashizumemon tsuzuki yagura'' (橋爪門続櫓) or ''waki-yagura'' (脇櫓), located at the corner of the ''nagaya''.

Like most structures in the compound, the Ishikawa-mon features lead tile roofs and ''namako'' plastered walls, for protection from fire. These structures feature the famous Kutani lead tiling from the region. These were designed to be melted down for bullets in the event of a siege against the castle. The Ishikawa-mon protected the rear entrance to Kanazawa and has a triple-roofed Korai-mon and a two story Yagura-mon boxing the courtyard. The distinctive so-called ''namako kabe'' or "sea cucumber walls" of Kanazawa castle are made from plaster walls inlaid with a great many square slate bricks, forming a sort of grid pattern and offering better protection from the heavy snowfalls typical in the region. The walls were further propped up from the back by wooden struts known as ''hikae-bei'' (控塀). A plank could be laid across these in a siege, allowing defenders a higher position from which to attack over the wall.

The ''Gojukken-nagaya'' is today the chief structure of those which remain or were rebuilt. It houses a series of exhibits about the history of the castle and its construction, and allows visitors to climb into the watchtowers, providing an impressive view out over the castle grounds and beyond. Originally, it served as an armory, a storage space for arms and armor. A watchtower at its north end is called the ''hishi-yagura'' (菱櫓). The tallest structure in the ni-no-maru, the ''hishi-yagura'' stands roughly 17 meters tall, and has been the chief symbolic tower of Kanazawa castle since the ''go-sankai-yagura'' was lost in the 1759 fire.　Though it may look square, two corners of the ''hishi-yagura'', or "diamond tower," measure 100 degrees, the other two measuring 80 degrees, forming a diamond or parallelogram shape. Stone drops (''ishi-otoshi'') are located below ''karahafu'' and ''chidorihafu'' gables.

The Ishikawa-mon grants access to the ''shinmaru'' ("new bailey") and ''san-no-maru'' (third bailey), which once held retainers' mansions, an arquebus armory, and various workshops and artisan studios. The ''gojukken-nagaya'' ("Fifty Bays Long Armory") separates this space from the more central, and more important, ''ni-no-maru'' (second bailey).

Now absent, a gate called the Kurogane-mon would have separated the ''ni-no-maru'' from the ''honmaru''. Beyond this gate, the ''honmaru'', at the summit of the natural hill, was flanked by two areas of artificially elevated earth, containing among other important structures, the Sanjukken-nagaya armory/storehouse, and the Tsuru-no-maru storehouse.

Access to the ''ni-no-maru'' is attained chiefly via the ''hashizume-mon'' (橋爪門, "Bridge Claw Gate") at a corner in the center of the fifty-bay-long structure, where it turns to form a 90-degree angle. A short bridge extends like a claw from the gate, over a narrow moat which runs the length of the ''nagaya''. One can easily imagine how significantly access could be denied by closing this gate, and how quickly a bottleneck would be formed in a large invading force passing through this point, even if the gate were open. The bridge and gate are further defended by a watchtower, known as the ''hashizumemon tsuzuki yagura'' (橋爪門続櫓) or ''waki-yagura'' (脇櫓), located at the corner of the ''nagaya''.

The Tsuru-no-maru storehouse, which along with the Ishikawa-mon and Sanjukken-nagaya, is one of the few buildings still extant from the Edo period, sits in the Tsuru-no-maru, adjacent to the Eastern Bailey (''higashi-no-maru''), atop land artificially elevated, just east of the ''honmaru''. Built towards the end of the Edo period, it is quite similar in style and form to the storage house of the [[Seikonkaku]] in Kenrokuen, which was built in [[1863]]. The Tsuru-no-maru storehouse was used as storage for military uniforms during the Meiji period, and was repaired and restored at various points, but on the whole reflects its original Edo period form.

The ''Gojukken-nagaya'' is today the chief structure of those which remain or were rebuilt. It houses a series of exhibits about the history of the castle and its construction, and allows visitors to climb into the watchtowers, providing an impressive view out over the castle grounds and beyond. Originally, it served as an armory, a storage space for arms and armor. A watchtower at its north end is called the Aoi-yagura (葵櫓).

The Sanjukken-nagaya, or "thirty-bays long armory", located just northwest of the ''honmaru'', also survives from the Edo period, rather than being a reconstruction. Completed in the eighth month of [[1858]], only ten years before the shogunate fell, the two-story structure has two quite ordinary doors, and is covered in ''namako-kabe''. The west side of the long structure features two windows with ''[[karahafu]]'' gables, and one with a ''[[chidorihafu]]'' gable in the center, providing a view of castle architecture visible from beyond the castle walls.

Another important building in the complex is the Tsurumaru storehouse, which along with the Ishikawa-mon and Sanjukken-nagaya, is one of the few buildings still extant from the Edo period. Built towards the end of the Edo period, it is quite similar in style and form to the storage house of the [[Seikonkaku]] in Kenrokuen, which was built in [[1863]]. The Tsurumaru storehouse was used as storage for military uniforms during the Meiji period, and was repaired and restored at various points, but on the whole reflects its original Edo period form.

The ''honmaru'' has been allowed to become overgrown, and has returned to forest, unlike the rest of the castle grounds which, while largely empty of buildings (as compared to how it would have looked during the Edo period, full of retainers' mansions, administrative buildings, workshops, etc.), have been maintained as smooth, empty grassy spaces. A sign marks the general area where the buildings comprising the ''honmaru'' once stood.

The ''honmaru'' has been allowed to become overgrown, and has returned to forest, unlike the rest of the castle grounds which, while largely empty of buildings (as compared to how it would have looked during the Edo period, full of retainers' mansions, administrative buildings, workshops, etc.), have been maintained as smooth, empty grassy spaces. A sign marks the general area where the buildings comprising the ''honmaru'' once stood.

The [[jokamachi|castle town]] of Kanazawa which grew up around the castle remains today one of the most intact Edo period castle towns in Japan, and an oft-cited example of a provincial castle town. The famous (and practical) [[Kenrokuen]] garden, one of the three top famous gardens in Japan, lies adjacent to the castle. The streams feeding the garden also served the purpose of supplying the castle town with water, and the terminus of these streams was shaped into a replica of Lake Biwa near [[Kyoto]]. The castle town spawned the [[Kaga-Hosho school|Kaga Hôshô school]] of [[Noh]]. [[Kutani pottery]] was first made here, and the Maeda lords sent missions to China and Korea for technical advice on ceramics. The area was also famous for its wrought-iron tea kettles used for [[tea ceremony]].

The [[jokamachi|castle town]] of Kanazawa which grew up around the castle remains today one of the most intact Edo period castle towns in Japan, and an oft-cited example of a provincial castle town. The famous (and practical) [[Kenrokuen]] garden, one of the three top famous gardens in Japan, lies adjacent to the castle. The streams feeding the garden also served the purpose of supplying the castle town with water, and the terminus of these streams was shaped into a replica of Lake Biwa near [[Kyoto]]. The castle town spawned the [[Kaga-Hosho school|Kaga Hôshô school]] of [[Noh]]. [[Kutani pottery]] was first made here, and the Maeda lords sent missions to China and Korea for technical advice on ceramics. The area was also famous for its wrought-iron tea kettles used for [[tea ceremony]].

The temple of [[Myoryu-ji|Myôryû-ji]] (‘trick temple’, also known as the ‘[[ninja]] house’), located across town from the castle, is another famous site in the city. It was designed to look like any other Buddhist temple, but actually was a seven-story fortress. Because the Maeda were the wealthiest clan in Japan after the Tokugawa, they were under intense surveillance by Ieyasu’s spies. To avoid this scrutiny, the Maeda conducted much of their important business at Myôryû-ji. They were able to reach the ‘temple’ unobserved via the central well, which in addition to supplying water featured a tunnel straight to Kanazawa Castle. Myoryu-ji is loaded with other secret doors and passages and all the interior windows face the well (in order to maintain surveillance on the comings and goings from it). Perhaps the most ingenious aspect of Myoryu-ji is the coin collection chest inside the front room. It looks like any other contribution box in any temple, but actually disguises a trap door designed to drop an enemy to his death.

The temple of [[Myoryu-ji|Myôryû-ji]] (also known as the ‘[[ninja]] temple’), located across town from the castle, is another famous site in the city. It was designed to look like any other Buddhist temple, but actually was a seven-story fortress. Because the Maeda were the wealthiest clan in Japan after the Tokugawa, they were under intense surveillance by Ieyasu’s spies. To avoid this scrutiny, the Maeda conducted much of their important business at Myôryû-ji. It is often said that they were able to reach the ‘temple’ unobserved via the central well, which in addition to supplying water featured a tunnel straight to Kanazawa Castle; however, such a tunnel would have had to pass through the river, and no evidence of such a tunnel has been found. Myôryû-ji is loaded with other secret doors and passages and all the interior windows face the well (supposedly in order to maintain surveillance on the comings and goings from it). One of many traps and tricks in the temple is the coin collection chest in the main worship hall; it looks like any other contribution box in any temple, but actually disguises a trap door designed to drop an enemy to his death.

==Links==

==Links==

*Schmorleitz, Morton S. ''Castles In Japan''. Tokyo: Charles E Tuttle Company Inc, 1974.

*Schmorleitz, Morton S. ''Castles In Japan''. Tokyo: Charles E Tuttle Company Inc, 1974.

*Terada Shôichi (ed.). ''Meijô wo aruku 2: Kanazawa-jô''. Tokyo: PHP Kenkyûsho,　2002.

*Terada Shôichi (ed.). ''Meijô wo aruku 2: Kanazawa-jô''. Tokyo: PHP Kenkyûsho,　2002.

[[Category:Castles]]

[[Category:Castles]]

[[Category:Edo Period]]

[[Category:Edo Period]]