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Korea sent at least 435 [[Korean tribute missions to China|missions to Qing China]] between [[1637]] and [[1881]], bringing goods such as deer and leopard skins, ox horns, gold, silver, tea, paper, various types of textiles, and rice, along with goods obtained from Southeast Asia or elsewhere, such as sappanwood, pepper, and swords and knives.<ref name=schottenhammer556/>
Korea sent at least 435 [[Korean tribute missions to China|missions to Qing China]] between [[1637]] and [[1881]], bringing goods such as deer and leopard skins, ox horns, gold, silver, tea, paper, various types of textiles, and rice, along with goods obtained from Southeast Asia or elsewhere, such as sappanwood, pepper, and swords and knives.<ref name=schottenhammer556/>
On the eve of the [[Opium War]], in [[1839]], the Qing Court ordered tribute missions from Burma, Siam, and Ryûkyû reduced to only once every four years; Ryûkyû protested, however, and insisted on sending tribute more often than that. While they couched their protest in the language of loyalty and filiality to China as the superior civilizational center, and simply by arguing precedent and tradition, Ryûkyû presumably was chiefly interested in the trade benefits that came from maintaining connections with China, and the necessity of those trade relations for appeasing [[Satsuma han]].<ref>Schottenhammer, "Empire and Periphery?," 180.</ref>
==Japan==
==Japan==
