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The [[Sinocentric world order]] and system of tributary relations was, in theory, in place from as early as the [[Han Dynasty]] (206 BCE - 220 CE) until the late [[Qing Dynasty]] (1644-1911), but was strongest in the early Ming Dynasty, i.e. from [[1368]] until sometime around 1550. As [[Angela Schottenhammer]] explains, prior to the Ming dynasty, the Sino-centric worldview and tribute system were more a claim than a reality, and after the 1550s or so, Chinese maritime/economic power weakened.<ref>Schottenhammer, "East Asian Maritime World," 7-8.</ref>

The [[Sinocentric world order]] and system of tributary relations was, in theory, in place from as early as the [[Han Dynasty]] (206 BCE - 220 CE) until the late [[Qing Dynasty]] (1644-1911), but was strongest in the early Ming Dynasty, i.e. from [[1368]] until sometime around 1550. As [[Angela Schottenhammer]] explains, prior to the Ming dynasty, the Sino-centric worldview and tribute system were more a claim than a reality, and after the 1550s or so, Chinese maritime/economic power weakened.<ref>Schottenhammer, "East Asian Maritime World," 7-8.</ref>

Ming China regarded Korea and Ryûkyû as its first and second most important tributaries, respectively, followed by Japan, Burma, and Annam,<ref>Schottenhammer, Angela. “Empire and Periphery? The Qing Empire’s Relations with Japan and the Ryūkyūs (1644–c. 1800), a Comparison.” ''The Medieval History Journal'' 16, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 175n97.</ref> and categorized all of its tributary states into six categories:

Ming China regarded Korea and Ryûkyû as its first and second most important tributaries, respectively, followed by Japan, Burma, and Annam,<ref>Schottenhammer, "Empire and Periphery?," 175n97.</ref> and categorized all of its tributary states into six categories:

*(1) The first category included 18 East and Southeast Asian polities, including Korea, Japan, Ryûkyû, Annam, Champa, Cambodia, Thailand, and Java.

*(1) The first category included 18 East and Southeast Asian polities, including Korea, Japan, Ryûkyû, Annam, Champa, Cambodia, Thailand, and Java.

*(2) The second category included the remaining Southeast Asian polities, especially island polities such as those in the modern-day Philippines, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka.

*(2) The second category included the remaining Southeast Asian polities, especially island polities such as those in the modern-day Philippines, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka.

==References==

==References==

*Schottenhammer, Angela. "The East Asian maritime world, 1400-1800: Its fabrics of power and dynamics of exchanges - China and her neighbors." in Schottenhammer (ed.) ''The East Asian maritime world, 1400-1800: Its fabrics of power and dynamics of exchanges''. Harrassowitz Verlag, 2007. pp1-83.

*Schottenhammer, Angela. "The East Asian maritime world, 1400-1800: Its fabrics of power and dynamics of exchanges - China and her neighbors." in Schottenhammer (ed.) ''The East Asian maritime world, 1400-1800: Its fabrics of power and dynamics of exchanges''. Harrassowitz Verlag, 2007. pp1-83.

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