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[[Image:King Sho Nei.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Shô Nei, painted by [[Shô Genko]] (1748-1841) in 1796.]]

[[Image:King Sho Nei.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Shô Nei, painted by [[Sho Genko|Shô Genko]] (1748-1841) in 1796.]]

*''Born: [[1564]]''

*''Born: [[1564]]''

*''Died: [[1620]]''

*''Died: [[1620]]/9/19''

*''Titles:'' 琉球国王 ''(Ryûkyû-kokuô, King of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]])([[1587]]-[[1620]])''

*''Titles:'' 琉球国王 ''(Ryûkyû-kokuô, King of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]])([[1587]]-[[1620]])''

*''Japanese/Okinawan:'' 尚寧 (''Shô Nei''')

*''Japanese/Chinese:'' [[尚]] 寧 (''Shou Nei / Shàng Níng'')

 

Shô Nei was king of the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] from [[1587]]–[[1620]]. He reigned during the 1609 [[Invasion of Ryukyu|invasion of Ryûkyû]] and was the first king of Ryûkyû to be a vassal to the [[Shimazu clan]] of [[Satsuma han]].

Shô Nei was king of the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] from [[1587]]–[[1620]]. He reigned during the 1609 [[Invasion of Ryukyu|invasion of Ryûkyû]] and was the first king of Ryûkyû to be a vassal to the [[Shimazu clan]] of [[Satsuma han]].

Shô Nei was the great-grandson of [[Sho Shin|Shô Shin]] (r. 1477–1526) and the adopted son-in-law of [[Sho Ei|Shô Ei]] (r. 1573-1586).

Shô Nei was an adopted heir of his predecessor, [[Sho Ei|Shô Ei]] (r. 1573-1586). His biological parents were [[Sho I|Shô I]] (a grandson of [[Sho Iko|Shô Ikô]], who was in turn the eldest son of King [[Sho Shin|Shô Shin]], r. 1477–1526) and a sister of Shô Ei.<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 143.</ref>

==Biography==

==Biography==

Early in Shô Nei's reign, Japanese warlord [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] planned an [[Invasions of Korea|invasion of Korea]]. Through messengers from Satsuma, he ordered that the kingdom contribute warriors to the invasion efforts, and was refused; he also commanded that Ryûkyû temporarily suspend its official missions to China. The mission traveled to [[Beijing]] anyway, on business relating to Shô Nei's formal investiture, and related Hideyoshi's plans to Chinese Court officials there. A short while later, Shô Nei sent a missive to Hideyoshi, as was customary upon the installation of a new ruler. He formally congratulated Hideyoshi on having taken over Japan, and on bringing peace and prosperity to the realm, and sent along with the missive a gift of [[Ming]] [[lacquerware]]. The letter referred to Ryûkyû as a "small and humble island kingdom <nowiki>[which]</nowiki>, because of its great distance and because of lack of funds, has not rendered due reverence to you."<ref>Kerr, George H. (2000). ''Okinawa: The History of an Island People''. (revised ed.) Boston: Tuttle Publishing. p153.</ref> [[Shimazu Yoshihisa]], lord of Satsuma, then suggested that Ryûkyû be allowed to supply food and other supplies instead of manpower. Hideyoshi accepted this proposal, but Shô Nei ignored it, and sent no supplies.

 

The ''[[Kyuyo|Kyûyô]]'' suggests there was outright armed revolt against his taking the throne. According to that text, in [[1592]] Shô Nei responded to the uprising by dispatching [[Ikegusuku Anrai]] (Mô Hôgi) and [[Mabuni Anko|Mabuni Ankô]] (Kin Ôshô) to head a force to attack "the Jana family of Shuri Saishû." It is unclear exactly who, or where, this family was, but the kingdom's forces attacked the home with Chinese-style [[gunpowder]] weapons known as ''[[Firearms in Ryukyu|hyaa]]'' ("fire arrows") and ultimately defeated the Jana family forces.<ref>Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', 144.</ref>

 

Meanwhile, Japanese warlord [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] planned an [[Korean Invasions|invasion of Korea]]. Through messengers from Satsuma, he ordered in [[1591]] that the kingdom contribute warriors and food supplies to the invasion efforts; he also commanded that Ryûkyû temporarily suspend its official missions to China. The next scheduled [[tribute]] mission traveled to [[Beijing]] later that same year anyway, and related Hideyoshi's plans to Chinese Court officials in [[Fujian province]], if not in Beijing as well. A short while later, Shô Nei sent a missive to Hideyoshi, as was customary upon the installation of a new ruler. He formally congratulated Hideyoshi on having taken over Japan, and on bringing peace and prosperity to the realm, and sent along with the missive a gift of [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] [[lacquerware]]. The letter referred to Ryûkyû as a "small and humble island kingdom <nowiki>[which]</nowiki>, because of its great distance and because of lack of funds, has not rendered due reverence to you."<ref>Kerr, George H. (2000). ''Okinawa: The History of an Island People''. (revised ed.) Boston: Tuttle Publishing. p153.</ref> [[Shimazu Yoshihisa]], lord of Satsuma, then suggested that Ryûkyû be allowed to supply food and other supplies instead of manpower. Hideyoshi accepted this proposal, but Shô Nei sent supplies only at a later time, sending some food supplies in early [[1593]], and the rest that summer; Shimazu forces in Korea meanwhile suffered from a lack of supplies.<ref>Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', 215.</ref>

Following Hideyoshi's death in 1598, and [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]'s subsequent rise to power, Shô Nei was asked by Satsuma to formally submit to the new shogunate, a request which was also ignored.

Amidst these circumstances, Beijing became wary regarding Ryûkyû's connections, and when Shô Nei finally requested investiture in [[1595]] (explaining that he had delayed in requesting investiture because the kingdom was being obliged to contribute to this military escapade and therefore could not afford the extravagant costs of hosting investiture envoys), the Ming, wary of issues of maritime security and other concerns, suggested that investiture be performed by proxy, with a royal envoy traveling from Ryûkyû to Fujian for the ceremony. However, given Shô Nei's issues with legitimacy within Ryûkyû, he insisted on the investiture ceremonies being performed in Shuri as usual. Ultimately, they were delayed until [[1606]].<ref name=smits216>Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu'', 216.</ref>

Satsuma invaded Ryûkyû in the beginning of 1609, and Shô Nei surrendered on the fifth day of the fourth lunar month<ref name=Smits>Smits, Gregory (1999). ''Visions of Ryukyu: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics''. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp15–19.</ref>. Shô Nei was taken, along with a number of his officials, to [[Sunpu]] to meet with the retired [[Shogun]] Tokugawa Ieyasu, then to [[Edo]] for a formal audience with Shogun [[Tokugawa Hidetada]], and then to [[Kagoshima]], where he was forced to formally surrender and to declare a number of oaths to the Shimazu clan. At Edo, the shogun stated that Shô Nei should be allowed to remain in power due to the long history of his line's rule over the islands<ref name=Smits/>.

 

 

Satsuma invaded Ryûkyû in the beginning of 1609, and Shô Nei surrendered on the fifth day of the fourth lunar month<ref name=Smits>Smits, Gregory (1999). ''Visions of Ryukyu: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics''. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp15–19.</ref>. Shô Nei was taken, along with a number of his officials, to [[Sunpu]] to meet with the retired [[Shogun]] Tokugawa Ieyasu,<ref>A record of the ritual procedures (式覚, ''shiki no oboe'') observed in this meeting is held at the Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives.</ref>, to whom he presented a number of gifts. At that same meeting, Ieyasu bestowed honors on [[Shimazu Iehisa]] in recognition of his successful conquest. Shô Nei and Iehisa met with Ieyasu again a week or so later, for a banquet and ''[[sarugaku]]'' performance at [[Sunpu castle]].<ref>"Shizuoka wo aruku" 静岡を歩く, ''Momoto'' モモト 14 (April 2013), n.p.</ref>

 

Shô Nei was then taken to [[Edo]] for a formal audience with Shogun [[Tokugawa Hidetada]], before returning to [[Kagoshima]], where he was forced to formally surrender and to declare a number of oaths to the Shimazu clan. At Edo, the shogun stated that Shô Nei should be allowed to remain in power due to the long history of his line's rule over the islands<ref name=Smits/>.

This marked the first time the ruler of a foreign country had come to Japan<ref>Kerr. p160.</ref>, and [[Shimazu Tadatsune]], the lord of Satsuma, made sure to take advantage of the political value of the occasion for himself. His successors would continue to make use of their status as the only ''daimyô'' to have a foreign king as a vassal to secure for themselves greater political privileges, stipends, and court ranking. In 1611, two years after the invasion, the king returned to his castle at [[Shuri]] once Tadatsune and his advisors were satisfied that he would uphold the oaths he had sworn.

This marked the first time the ruler of a foreign country had come to Japan<ref>Kerr. p160.</ref>, and [[Shimazu Tadatsune]], the lord of Satsuma, made sure to take advantage of the political value of the occasion for himself. His successors would continue to make use of their status as the only ''daimyô'' to have a foreign king as a vassal to secure for themselves greater political privileges, stipends, and court ranking. In 1611, two years after the invasion, the king returned to his castle at [[Shuri]] once Tadatsune and his advisors were satisfied that he would uphold the oaths he had sworn.

Though Satsuma initially exercised a strong hand in declaring policy in Ryûkyû, and purging the royal government of those perceived as disloyal to Satsuma, by 1616 this approach came to an end<ref name=Smits/>. "Japanization" measures were reversed, at the request of Satsuma, and Shô Nei was once more formally granted primacy over his kingdom. For the remainder of his reign, Shô Nei would continue to bear all the trappings of royal authority, and exercised great power over his domain within the frameworks set by Satsuma.

Though Satsuma initially exercised a strong hand in declaring policy in Ryûkyû, and purging the royal government of those perceived as disloyal to Satsuma, by 1616 this approach came to an end<ref name=Smits/>. "Japanization" measures were reversed, at the request of Satsuma, and Shô Nei was once more formally granted primacy over his kingdom. For the remainder of his reign, Shô Nei would continue to bear all the trappings of royal authority, and exercised great power over his domain within the frameworks set by Satsuma.

Upon his death, Shô Nei was buried not in the royal mausoleum at Shuri, but rather at [[Urasoe Castle]]. Popular belief says this is because he felt that by succumbing to Satsuma's invasion, he had deeply dishonored himself before his ancestors, and was unfit to be buried with them. However, Shô Nei was originally from [[Urasoe]], so a more mundane explanation may be the truer one.

Upon his death, Shô Nei was buried not in the royal mausoleum at Shuri, but rather at [[Urasoe yodore|Urasoe yôdore]] (the mausoleum of several 13th-14th century rulers of the earlier [[Chuzan|Chûzan Kingdom]]). Popular belief says this is because he felt that by succumbing to Satsuma's invasion, he had deeply dishonored himself before his ancestors, and was unfit to be buried with them. However, Shô Nei was originally from [[Urasoe]], so a more mundane explanation may be the truer one.

==The Oaths Sworn==

==The Oaths Sworn==

Shô Nei was forced to swear a number of oaths during his time in Kagoshima<ref>The Fifteen Injunctions, and the King's Oath, can be found in translation in Kerr. pp160–163.</ref>, as he and his kingdom were formally made vassals to the Shimazu clan. The so-called [[Fifteen Injunctions]] (掟十五ヶ条, ''Okite jûgo-ka-jô'') were among the most major, and primarily involved political and diplomatic matters. These stated, among other stipulations, that Ryûkyû would not engage in trade or diplomatic relations with foreign states without the consent of Satsuma. These policies, along with [[kaikin|maritime restrictions]] and other stipulations, would govern Ryûkyû's domestic situation and foreign relations for over 250 years.

Shô Nei was forced to swear a number of oaths during his time in Kagoshima<ref>The Fifteen Injunctions, and the King's Oath, can be found in translation in Kerr. pp160–163. The original copies of these documents can be found at the [[Tokyo National Museum]], and the [[University of Tokyo]] [[Shiryohensanjo|Shiryô hensanjo]], respectively.</ref>, as he and his kingdom were formally made vassals to the Shimazu clan. The so-called [[Fifteen Injunctions]] (掟十五ヶ条, ''Okite jûgo-ka-jô'') were among the most major, and primarily involved political and diplomatic matters. These stated, among other stipulations, that Ryûkyû would not engage in trade or diplomatic relations with foreign states without the consent of Satsuma. These policies, along with [[kaikin|maritime restrictions]] and other stipulations, would govern Ryûkyû's domestic situation and foreign relations for over 250 years.

Shô Nei and the members of his [[Sanshikan|Council of Three]] were also required to swear that the kingdom had long been a dependency of Satsuma (a falsehood), and that they acknowledged that their failure in recent years to live up to their obligations to Satsuma had brought this invasion, a punitive measure, upon themselves. The oath went on to acknowledge the benevolence of Satsuma in allowing the king and his councillors to return to their kingdom, and to continue to rule. Shô Nei swore to pass on these oaths to his descendants, further ensuring the relative permanence of the vassal-lord relationship into which Ryûkyû had been entered with Satsuma.<ref>Matsuda, Mitsugu (2001). ''The Government of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, 1609–1872''. Gushikawa, Okinawa: Yui Publishing Co. pp26–7.</ref>

Shô Nei and the members of his [[Sanshikan|Council of Three]] were also required to swear that the kingdom had long been a dependency of Satsuma (a falsehood), and that they acknowledged that their failure in recent years to live up to their obligations to Satsuma had brought this invasion, a punitive measure, upon themselves. The oath went on to acknowledge the benevolence of Satsuma in allowing the king and his councillors to return to their kingdom, and to continue to rule. Shô Nei swore to pass on these oaths to his descendants, further ensuring the relative permanence of the vassal-lord relationship into which Ryûkyû had been entered with Satsuma.<ref>Matsuda, Mitsugu (2001). ''The Government of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, 1609–1872''. Gushikawa, Okinawa: Yui Publishing Co. pp26–7.</ref>

==References==

==References==

*[[George Kerr|Kerr, George]]. ''Okinawa: the History of an Island People''. (revised ed.) Boston: Tuttle Publishing, 2000.

*[[George Kerr|Kerr, George]]. ''Okinawa: the History of an Island People''. (revised ed.) Boston: Tuttle Publishing, 2000.

*[[Matsuda Mitsugu|Matsuda, Mitsugu]]. ''The Government of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, 1609-1872''. Gushikawa, Okinawa: Yui Publishing Co., 2001.

*[[Matsuda Mitsugu|Matsuda, Mitsugu]]. ''The Government of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, 1609-1872''. Gushikawa, Okinawa: Yui Publishing Co., 2001.

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