Jurchens
- Chinese: 女真 (Nǚzhēn)
The Jurchens were a nomadic steppes group which formed the Jin Dynasty (1122-1234), invading the Northern Song Dynasty and controlling all of northern China for over one hundred years, from 1127 to 1234. The Manchus, who emerged as a new group around the turn of the 17th century, claimed descent from the Jin Dynasty Jurchens.
The Jurchens claimed portions of northeastern Manchuria (today, the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang)[1] as their ancestral homelands. As early as 1019, the Jurchens launched pirate raids on Kyushu known as the Toi Invasion.
The Jin Dynasty was founded in 1122. Three years later, with aid from the Northern Song, they conquered the Liao Dynasty of the Khitans, another steppe nomad group. Jurchen forces then continued to push into Chinese territory, seizing the Northern Song capital of Kaifeng in 1127; they captured Emperor Huizong and his successor, but another son of Huizong escaped, hiding out for about a decade before returning to found the Southern Song Dynasty in 1138. The Jin signed a peace agreement with the Southern Song in 1142, requiring the Song to pay regular tribute in exchange for peace.
The peace was broken on several occasions, however, as conflict erupted between the Jin and the Song in 1161-1165, and again in 1206-1208; on both occasions, however, the superior Song navy managed to prevent the Jurchens from crossing the Yangzi River.[2]
The Jin fell to Mongol forces in 1234.
