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*''Japanese'': 博多 ''(Hakata)''
*''Japanese'': 博多 ''(Hakata)''
Hakata, today part of modern-day [[Fukuoka City]], was the chief port on [[Kyushu]] throughout the pre-modern period (up until the imposition of [[maritime restrictions]] by the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in the 1630s). In the [[Heian period]], it was the only port in the [[Japanese archipelago]] where the Heian [[Imperial court]] officially permitted foreign trade, though many other ports saw vibrant unofficial trade (i.e. smuggling) throughout the period.
Hakata, today part of modern-day [[Fukuoka City]], was the chief port on [[Kyushu]] throughout the pre-modern period (up until the imposition of [[maritime restrictions]] by the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in the 1630s). As the nearest port in "mainland" Japan to the Asian continent, it was the chief point through which official embassies to and from the continent, as well as traders, traveled. In the [[Heian period]], it was the only port in the [[Japanese archipelago]] where the Heian [[Imperial court]] officially permitted foreign trade, though many other ports saw vibrant unofficial trade (i.e. smuggling) throughout the period.<ref>Richard von Glahn, "The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant Network and the Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 74:2 (2014), 258.</ref>
An official lodging known as the [[Korokan|Kôrôkan]] was maintained in Hakata in the [[Heian period]] to house foreign merchants. For much of the Heian period, Chinese and Korean merchants were restricted to this compound, but by the end of the period a Chinese community had become established in the port city.<ref>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 213.</ref>
An official lodging known as the [[Korokan|Kôrôkan]] was maintained in Hakata in the [[Heian period]] to house foreign merchants. For much of the Heian period, Chinese and Korean merchants were restricted to this compound, but by the end of the period a Chinese community had become established in the port city.<ref>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 213.</ref>
Hakata and the immediately surrounding area were the chief sites where Mongol forces landed, and were fought, during the [[Mongol Invasions]] of [[1274]] and [[1281]].
The [[Shofuku-ji|Shôfuku-ji]] in the city is sometimes said to have been the first [[Zen]] temple ever established in Japan.<ref>Timon Screech, ''Obtaining Images'', University of Hawaii Press (2012), 116-117.</ref>
The [[Shofuku-ji|Shôfuku-ji]] in the city is sometimes said to have been the first [[Zen]] temple ever established in Japan.<ref>Timon Screech, ''Obtaining Images'', University of Hawaii Press (2012), 116-117.</ref>
In the [[Muromachi period]], merchants from Hakata played prominent roles alongside Zen monks in leading both official embassies from the [[Ashikaga shogunate]], and from the royal court of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]], to China, Korea, and elsewhere in the region. [[Tribute]] missions and ''[[kango boeki|kangô bôeki]]'' (tally trade) ships also traveled via Hakata.<ref>Hashimoto Yû. "The Information Strategy of Imposter Envoys from Northern Kyushu to Choson Korea in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries." in Angela Schottenhammer (ed.) ''The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration''. Harrassowitz Verlag, 2008. pp289-315.</ref>
In the [[Edo period]], the neighboring [[jokamachi|castle-town]] of Fukuoka was the seat of the ruling ''daimyô'' of the [[Kuroda clan]]; the two cities eventually merged, by the end of the period. The Kuroda appointed ''[[machi bugyo|machi bugyô]]'' (town magistrates) to oversee the administration of the two cities.<ref>Arne Kalland, ''Fishing Villages in Tokugawa Japan'', University of Hawaii Press (1995), 20.</ref> As it was such a major port, a number of [[han|domains]], such as [[Tsushima han]], maintained offices in the city.<ref>Robert Hellyer, ''Defining Engagement'', Harvard University Press (2009), 91-92.</ref>
In the [[Edo period]], the neighboring [[jokamachi|castle-town]] of Fukuoka was the seat of the ruling ''daimyô'' of the [[Kuroda clan]]; the two cities eventually merged, by the end of the period. The Kuroda appointed ''[[machi bugyo|machi bugyô]]'' (town magistrates) to oversee the administration of the two cities.<ref>Arne Kalland, ''Fishing Villages in Tokugawa Japan'', University of Hawaii Press (1995), 20.</ref> As it was such a major port, a number of [[han|domains]], such as [[Tsushima han]], maintained offices in the city.<ref>Robert Hellyer, ''Defining Engagement'', Harvard University Press (2009), 91-92.</ref>