Changes

Dutch ships were limited to two a year. They generally arrived in the seventh month, and were required to leave no later than the 20th of the ninth month. The VOC imported a variety of goods into Japan, including chiefly Chinese silk, but also Dutch books, microscopes, telescopes, watches, fire pumps, and other glasswares and technological objects in small quantities. They also imported cotton printed calicos (aka chintz), European ones of which came to eclipse Indian ones on the world market in the late 18th century.<ref>Robert Hellyer, Defining Engagement, Harvard University Press (2009), 76.</ref> In exchange, the Dutch obtained Japanese [[silver]] and [[porcelain]]s, among other goods, later learning to produce their own porcelains, copying Japanese styles.

Dutch ships were limited to two a year. They generally arrived in the seventh month, and were required to leave no later than the 20th of the ninth month. The VOC imported a variety of goods into Japan, including chiefly Chinese silk, but also Dutch books, microscopes, telescopes, watches, fire pumps, and other glasswares and technological objects in small quantities. They also imported cotton printed calicos (aka chintz), European ones of which came to eclipse Indian ones on the world market in the late 18th century.<ref>Robert Hellyer, Defining Engagement, Harvard University Press (2009), 76.</ref> In exchange, the Dutch obtained Japanese [[silver]] and [[porcelain]]s, among other goods, later learning to produce their own porcelains, copying Japanese styles.

Generally, both European and Japanese women were not permitted on Dejima. The [[courtesans]] of the [[Maruyama]] pleasure district were a notable exception; they also served the [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese merchants of the city]], and Japanese visitors to Nagasaki from other parts of the archipelago. Europeans were permitted to hire a courtesan for lengthy periods, having the woman cohabit with them for even as long as a full year. The courtesans were officially required to check in at the gates every morning, and turn over the patron's fees for the previous night, but in practice this was not likely strictly observed. The courtesans are said to have preferred the company of the Chinese, however, and so charged higher rates to the Dutch.<ref>[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 32.</ref> Enforcement of restrictions on the island were quite lax at times, and on occasion, courtesans even escorted Dutchmen off Dejima (into Nagasaki proper), or accompanied them out of the country.<ref>Johnson, 22.</ref> A number of Maruyama courtesans also had children with members of the Dejima community, though they were not permitted to give birth on the island. To a considerable extent, these children came to be regarded as "Japanese," being accepted and incorporated into Japanese society, being treated no differently in terms of status or class for their mixed background. Those not so fully incorporated into Japanese society, however, were banned from the country from [[1639]] onward. Some went on to live rather successful and happy lives in Batavia and elsewhere.

Generally, both European and Japanese women were not permitted on Dejima. The [[courtesans]] of the [[Maruyama]] pleasure district were a notable exception; they also served the [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese merchants of the city]], and Japanese visitors to Nagasaki from other parts of the archipelago. Europeans were permitted to hire a courtesan for lengthy periods, having the woman cohabit with them for even as long as a full year. The courtesans were officially required to check in at the gates every morning, and turn over the patron's fees for the previous night, but in practice this was not likely strictly observed. The courtesans are said to have preferred the company of the Chinese, however, and so charged higher rates to the Dutch.<ref>[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 32.</ref> Enforcement of restrictions on the island were quite lax at times, and on occasion, courtesans even escorted Dutchmen off Dejima (into Nagasaki proper), or accompanied them out of the country.<ref>Johnson, 22.</ref> A number of Maruyama courtesans also had children with members of the Dejima community, though they were not permitted to give birth on the island. To a considerable extent, these children came to be regarded as "Japanese," being accepted and incorporated into Japanese society, being treated no differently in terms of status or class for their mixed background. Those not so fully incorporated into Japanese society, however, were banned from the country from [[1639]] onward. Some went on to live rather successful and happy lives in Batavia and elsewhere. This policy was reversed in the 1710s, however, and from that time forward, those of mixed-race - rather than being expelled - were now prohibited from leaving the country, as all Japanese were under the [[maritime restrictions]] policy of the era. Foreign fathers were obliged to contribute to paying for the child's upbringing and education, but they were typically raised by their Japanese mothers, in Nagasaki proper, and not on Dejima.<ref>Gary Leupp, Interracial Intimacy in Japan: Western Men and Japanese Women, 1543-1900, A&C Black (2003), 120-121.</ref>

The VOC Factory was officially closed in [[1860]].

The VOC Factory was officially closed in [[1860]].