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Vietnam was conquered by the [[Han Dynasty|Han Chinese Empire]] in 111 BCE, and remained under Chinese control in one form or another through China's various periods of disunity, for over a thousand years, until 939 CE. Towards the end of this period, Japanese had at least some kind of experience of Vietnam at least as early as the 8th century, when on two occasions [[kentoshi|official missions]] to [[Tang Dynasty]] China got blown off-course and shipwrecked in Vietnam.

Vietnam was conquered by the [[Han Dynasty|Han Chinese Empire]] in 111 BCE, and remained under Chinese control in one form or another through China's various periods of disunity, for over a thousand years, until 939 CE. Towards the end of this period, Japanese had at least some kind of experience of Vietnam at least as early as the 8th century, when on two occasions [[kentoshi|official missions]] to [[Tang Dynasty]] China got blown off-course and shipwrecked in Vietnam.

The [[Mongol Empire]] may have established a colony of some sort in [[Champa]] in the 1290s or so, but it was embattled; a mission had to be sent in [[1295]] to ascertain what had happened to generals and senior officials dispatched there, from whom there had been no communication. This mission, which continued on to Cambodia, included [[Zhou Daguan]], whose diaries are a valuable resource for historians today.<ref>Zhou Daguan, Peter Harris (trans.), ''A Record of Cambodia - The Land and its People'', Silkworm Books (2007), 44-85. </ref>

 

The [[Mongol Empire]] may have established a colony of some sort in Champa in the 1290s or so, but it was embattled; a mission had to be sent in [[1295]] to ascertain what had happened to generals and senior officials dispatched there, from whom there had been no communication. This mission, which continued on to Cambodia, included [[Zhou Daguan]], whose diaries are a valuable resource for historians today.<ref>Zhou Daguan, Peter Harris (trans.), ''A Record of Cambodia - The Land and its People'', Silkworm Books (2007), 44-85. </ref>

The [[Ming-Ho War]] ended in [[1406]] with Ming victory, and Vietnam remained under Chinese control until [[1428]]. This brief 22-year period represents the only period of Chinese control over Vietnam in the last thousand years.

The [[Ming-Ho War]] ended in [[1406]] with Ming victory, and Vietnam remained under Chinese control until [[1428]]. This brief 22-year period represents the only period of Chinese control over Vietnam in the last thousand years.

==Lê Dynasty==

==Lê Dynasty==

Renewed independence from the Ming marked the beginning of the Lê Dynasty, which lasted from 1428 until [[1788]]. Vietnam remained a loyal tributary to the Ming, and later the Qing, however, for the remainder of the early modern period. Vietnamese officials were thus regularly seen in [[Beijing]], and a small number of young Vietnamese scholar-bureaucrats studied at Beijing's [[National Academy]], alongside Korean, Ryûkyûan, and mostly Chinese students.

Renewed independence from the Ming marked the beginning of the Lê Dynasty, which lasted from 1428 until [[1788]]. Still, in contrast to the Ly-Tran eras which came before, the Lê dynasty was comparatively Sinic, or Sinophilic, in its political cultural leanings. Vietnam remained a loyal tributary to the Ming, and later the Qing, however, for the remainder of the early modern period. Vietnamese officials were thus regularly seen in [[Beijing]], and a small number of young Vietnamese scholar-bureaucrats studied at Beijing's [[National Academy]], alongside Korean, Ryûkyûan, and mostly Chinese students.

===Nguyễn & Trinh===

===Nguyễn & Trinh===

Mining was quite important in the northern territory of Tonkin, and Chinese merchant organizations were heavily involved in there. As of the 1760s, taxes on Chinese mines accounted for roughly half the annual income of the Trinh lords.<ref>Robert Hellyer, ''Defining Engagement'', Harvard University Press (2009), 78-79.</ref>

Mining was quite important in the northern territory of Tonkin, and Chinese merchant organizations were heavily involved in there. As of the 1760s, taxes on Chinese mines accounted for roughly half the annual income of the Trinh lords.<ref>Robert Hellyer, ''Defining Engagement'', Harvard University Press (2009), 78-79.</ref>

The Lê Dynasty fell in 1788 to the [[Tay Son Rebellion]]. Though [[Qing Dynasty]] China attempted to intervene (or interfere), the Vietnamese pushed the Qing forces out of their territory as early as the following year.

The Lê Dynasty fell in 1788 to the [[Tay Son Rebellion]]. Though [[Qing Dynasty]] China attempted to intervene (or interfere), the Vietnamese pushed the Qing forces out of their territory as early as the following year. The Tay Son state lasted only a few decades; like the Ly-Tran dynasties of earlier times, and quite unlike the Le-Nguyen dynasties it overthrew, the Tay Son state rejected political or cultural closeness to China, and embraced a more strongly Southeast Asian identity.

==Nguyễn Dynasty==

==Nguyễn Dynasty==

The Nguyễn Dynasty began in [[1802]].

The Nguyễn Dynasty began in [[1802]], marking an end to the short-lived Tay Son state.

==Colonization==

==Colonization==

==References==

==References==

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[[Category:Geographic Locations]]

[[Category:Geographic Locations]]