Changes

As part of his Kansei Reforms, Sadanobu brought the [[Hayashi clan]] school under shogunate control, rebuilt and expanded the compound, made it a site for the training of shogunate and [[han|domain]] officials, and eliminated from the curriculum any elements which his Confucian sensibilities deemed incorrect or inappropriate. It was at this time that the school was officially renamed "[[Shoheizaka gakumonjo|Shôheizaka gakumonjo]]." The Reforms also included a severe strengthening of censorship and its enforcement, leading much intellectual production to be circulated in manuscript form, so that it would not come into the hands of the [[printing and publishing]] censors.

As part of his Kansei Reforms, Sadanobu brought the [[Hayashi clan]] school under shogunate control, rebuilt and expanded the compound, made it a site for the training of shogunate and [[han|domain]] officials, and eliminated from the curriculum any elements which his Confucian sensibilities deemed incorrect or inappropriate. It was at this time that the school was officially renamed "[[Shoheizaka gakumonjo|Shôheizaka gakumonjo]]." The Reforms also included a severe strengthening of censorship and its enforcement, leading much intellectual production to be circulated in manuscript form, so that it would not come into the hands of the [[printing and publishing]] censors.

His Confucian ideals led Sadanobu to attempt to "wean" the people of [[Nagasaki]] off of a "dependency on foreign trade,"<ref>Hellyer, 108.</ref> turning them towards agriculture and artisanal production (e.g. [[pottery]]), activities which he saw as the fundamental engines of a prosperous economy. To that end, he aimed to end [[VOC|Dutch]] trading at Nagasaki entirely, arguing that the savings from no longer paying the salaries of numerous translators, port officials, and the like could be used to more directly benefit the people of Nagasaki. Fortunately for the VOC, he never quite succeeded in ending their activity in the port, though he definitely earned their ire through a variety of policies, including reducing the number of Dutch ships permitted to call at the port each year from two to one. Sadanobu conceded, however, that the [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese]] trade could not be ended, due, in part at least, to its indispensability in providing [[kanpo|medicinal goods]] to the country.<ref>Hellyer, 108.</ref>

His Confucian ideals led Sadanobu to attempt to "wean" the people of [[Nagasaki]] off of a "dependency on foreign trade,"<ref>Hellyer, 108.</ref> which he saw as possessing little value beyond the importation of books, [[kanpo|medicinal products]], and information (intelligence).<ref>Mitani Hiroshi, David Noble (trans.), ''Escape from Impasse'', International House of Japan (2006), 7.</ref> He sought instead to turn them towards agriculture and artisanal production (e.g. [[pottery]]), activities which he saw as the fundamental engines of a prosperous economy. To that end, he aimed to end [[VOC|Dutch]] trading at Nagasaki entirely, arguing that the savings from no longer paying the salaries of numerous translators, port officials, and the like could be used to more directly benefit the people of Nagasaki. Fortunately for the VOC, he never quite succeeded in ending their activity in the port, though he definitely earned their ire through a variety of policies, including reducing the number of Dutch ships permitted to call at the port each year from two to one. Sadanobu conceded, however, that the [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese]] trade could not be ended, due, in part at least, to its indispensability in providing [[kanpo|medicinal goods]] to the country.<ref>Hellyer, 108.</ref>

Sadanobu also attempted to curb the economic activity of [[Tsushima han|Tsushima]] and [[Satsuma han]]. He was unsuccessful in the former case, as Tsushima officials successfully argued for the necessity of the goods they imported both for the domain and for the realm, and furthermore that continued relations with Korea was a right of their domain, granted and reaffirmed by the Tokugawa since the early years of the shogunate. In the end, Tsushima was permitted to continue its trade activities as before, including the annual acquisition of up to 100,000 ''[[Japanese Measurements|kin]]'' of [[copper]] for export. Satsuma was not so fortunate, however, being burdened with a variety of restrictions permitting them to sell only raw [[silk]] and silk [[damask]] at the [[Kyoto]] markets, and requiring them to consume all other imported Chinese goods within the domain, prohibiting them from selling these other goods beyond their own domainal borders. As the expansion of domestic silk production had rendered silk, in particular, a less profitable commodity to try to sell, this had severe impacts on the profitability of Satsuma's entire [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyuan]] enterprise.<ref>Hellyer, 110.</ref>

Sadanobu also attempted to curb the economic activity of [[Tsushima han|Tsushima]] and [[Satsuma han]]. He was unsuccessful in the former case, as Tsushima officials successfully argued for the necessity of the goods they imported both for the domain and for the realm, and furthermore that continued relations with Korea was a right of their domain, granted and reaffirmed by the Tokugawa since the early years of the shogunate. In the end, Tsushima was permitted to continue its trade activities as before, including the annual acquisition of up to 100,000 ''[[Japanese Measurements|kin]]'' of [[copper]] for export. Satsuma was not so fortunate, however, being burdened with a variety of restrictions permitting them to sell only raw [[silk]] and silk [[damask]] at the [[Kyoto]] markets, and requiring them to consume all other imported Chinese goods within the domain, prohibiting them from selling these other goods beyond their own domainal borders. As the expansion of domestic silk production had rendered silk, in particular, a less profitable commodity to try to sell, this had severe impacts on the profitability of Satsuma's entire [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyuan]] enterprise.<ref>Hellyer, 110.</ref>