Ryukyu lacquerware

An example of Ryukyuan red lacquer platters, with mother-of-pearl inlay dragon design.

• Japanese: 琉球漆器 (Ryuukyuu shikki)

Lacquerwares produced in the Ryûkyû Islands constitute their own unique set of traditional styles and techniques. Though heavily influenced by the styles and techniques employed in China, Korea, Japan, and elsewhere, Ryukyuan lacquerware followed its own unique historical trajectory, resulting in unique traditions.

Lacquer is believed to have been employed in the Ryûkyû Islands since the Jômon period, emerging roughly concurrently with its earliest use in China and Japan. The adoption or emulation of many elements of Ming Dynasty Chinese culture by Ryukyuan elites from the late 14th century onward had a profound impact upon Ryukyuan lacquerware production; however, influences from Japan and Southeast Asia, as well as uniquely Ryukyuan innovations and tastes, played key roles as well in shaping Ryûkyû's distinctive lacquerware tradition.

Style & Techniques

These included raden (mother-of-pearl inlay), an engraved gold technique unique to Ryûkyû called chinkin, gold leaf (hakue), painting in gold (kindeie), colored lacquers (iro-urushie), and lead-based pigments (mitsudae).

Hakue involved simply placing pieces of gold leaf atop lacquered surface, while chinkin techniques (lit. "submerged/sunken gold") involved carving into the lacquered surface, and then filling in the space with gold leaf or gold powder. Chinese techniques of lacquer carving never took off in Ryûkyû, but instead, techniques of building up designs in relief using a lacquer putty, called tsuikin, became a distinctive element of Ryukuyan lacquerwares. This technique is often said to have first been developed in 1715 by Higa chikudun peechin Jôshô, based on Chinese techniques.. However, scholar Tokugawa Yoshinobu indicates that the technique was already employed in Ryûkyû prior to that time.

Mother-of-pearl inlay techniques, known as raden, employed thin slices of the turban shell (J: yakôgai; Lunatica marmorata), a sea creature native to Ryukyuan waters, to insert shimmering, rainbow-colored designs into lacquered pieces. Raden is traditionally said to have first been introduced to Ryûkyû in 1636 by Zeng Guoji (J: Sô Kuniyoshi) from Fujian, who was then appointed kaizuri-shi or aogai-shi ("master of lacquerware") in 1642.　Further, the technique for preparing the shells is said to have been introduced by Ômitake chikudun peechin Hyôbu in 1690, who had studied such techniques in Hangzhou. However, documentary evidence and extant objects show that raden techniques were known in Ryûkyû by the end of the 14th century, if not earlier. Mother-of-pearl-inlay objects were regularly among tribute goods or gifts given by the Ryukyuan court to the courts of China and Japan from the 1430s onward, and raden objects as well as the raw mother-of-pearl materials were among the kingdom's prominent trade goods. The export of raw mother-of-pearl was limited between 1436 and 1596, but operated on a large scale previously, and afterward.

Materials & Forms

As elsewhere in East Asia, Ryukyuan lacquerwares took many forms, but chiefly included a variety of types of trays, dishes, and boxes. Carrying cases called sagejû (提重), much like their Japanese cousins, carried a number of boxes, within which could be stored chopsticks, small dishes, and a variety of other objects required for a meal. Similarly, other forms of lacquerware cases were often carved precisely to the shape of the porcelain or ceramic dishes, or other objects, they were to contain.

Lacquerware objects, especially with mother-of-pearl inlay, were common tribute or gift items sent to both China and Japan; an entire office, the kaizuri bugyô ("Mother-of-Pearl Magistrate") was dedicated to overseeing the production of these and other objects.

Ryûkyû lacquerwares are among the most common Ryukyuan artworks to find in museum collections in the West, alongside pottery and textiles; paintings and works of calligraphy are far less common.

Often built around a core of deigo wood, Ryukyuan lacquerwares were traditionally exceptionally lightweight. In modern times, however, the wood of the gajumaru (banyan tree) has replaced the use of deigo. Ryûkyû lacquer also often made use of basketry skeletons for boxes and other objects.

History

It is often said that the lacquer tree was never native to Ryûkyû, or even that the tree could not survive in the Ryukyuan environment. This notion was advanced in works such as the 1889 Ryûkyû shikki kô ("Thoughts on Ryukyu lacquer") by Ishizawa Hyôgo, and continues to be widely repeated. However, the government of the Ryûkyû Kingdom actively taxed the growing of lacquer trees beginning in 1635, later exempting the trees from taxation beginning in 1669; other evidence meanwhile shows that lacquer trees were grown in the islands even before the 1609 invasion by Satsuma. While Ryûkyû is believed to have also imported raw lacquer from Japan as early as the 1420s, records from that same decade also show examples of Chinese envoys purchasing raw lacquer natively grown in Ryûkyû.

The earliest extant lacquerware objects from Ryûkyû include a number of funerary urns from the Momojana tombs, located near Nakijin gusuku in the northern portion of Okinawa Island. Dating to around 1500, these are said to be the tombs of a number of members of the Shuri nobility who fled north during what they felt to be the "tyrannical" reign of King Shô Toku (r. 1461-1469). A series of lacquerware coffers in a private collection on Kumejima, bearing designs similar to those at Tamaudun (built 1501), and said to have been gifts from the court of King Shô Shin in 1500, are also among the earliest known extant examples of Ryukyuan lacquerware.

References

• Failla, Donatella. "Ryukyu lacquerware in the Chiossone Museum of Oriental Art, Genoa." Abstract for presentation at 5th International Conference on Okinawan Studies, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 14-16 September 2006.
• Gallery labels, Naha City Museum of History, August 2013.
• Tokugawa Yoshinobu, "Ryukyu and the Art of Lacquer," Okinawa bijutsu zenshû vol 2, Okinawa Times (1989), i-ix.