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| − | *''Established: [[1630]], [[Hayashi Razan]]''
| + | #REDIRECT [[Yushima Seido]] |
| − | *''Closed: [[1871]]''
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| − | *''Other Names'': 湯島聖堂 ''(Yushima seidou)''
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| − | *''Japanese'': 昌平坂学問所 ''(Shouheizaka gakumonjo)''
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| − | The Shôheizaka gakumonjo, or Shôheizaka Academy, was a school of [[Confucianism|Confucian learning]] where shogunate and domain (''[[han]]'') officials trained and studied.
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| − | It was originally established as a private academy by [[Hayashi Razan]] in [[1630]], on land given him by the shogunate at Shinobu-ga-oka, in [[Ueno]]. The academy consisted originally, essentially, of a study and a library. Two years later, with the help of [[Tokugawa Yoshinao]], lord of [[Owari han]], Razan built a [[Confucian temple]] <!--(孔子廟)--> on the site. Razan's successor, [[Hayashi Gaho|Hayashi Gahô]], in [[1663]], added a dormitory and began training disciples in earnest, calling the school Kôbunkan.
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| − | In [[1690]], at the orders of Shogun [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi]], the academy was moved onto the premises of the [[Yushima seido|Yushima seidô]] (which was itself established that year), and Gahô's successor as head of the [[Hayashi clan]], [[Hayashi Hoko|Hayashi Hôkô]], was formally named its head.
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| − | After Hôkô's death, the Hayashi clan fell into decline, as did the school, which came to be dominated by other schools of thought (other than the Hayashi school of Neo-Confucianism). In [[1703]], and again in [[1772]], the school suffered extensive damage from fires.
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| − | [[Matsudaira Sadanobu]] was appointed ''[[roju|rôjû]]'' in [[1787]]. He brought the school under the direct control of the shogunate, and it became a site for the training of shogunate and domain officials. It was at this time that the school was officially named "Shôheizaka gakumonjo." As part of the [[Kansei Reforms]] which Sadanobu initiated, all teachings but those deemed "correct" or "appropriate" by the shogunate were banned, and the faculty was bolstered by the addition of [[Shiba no Ritsuzan]], [[Okada Kansen]], [[Bito Jishu|Bitô Jishû]], [[Koga Seiri]] and others.
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| − | Matsudaira Taira, the son of [[Matsudaira Norimori]], lord of [[Iwamura han]], became the head of the Hayashi clan in [[1793]], taking on the name [[Hayashi Jussai]]. He became head of the academy as well, and
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| − | took over its administration, opening up enrollment or attendance to the children of ''[[hatamoto]]'', daimyo's retainers (''[[baishin]]''), country samurai (''[[goshi|gôshi]]''), and ronin, where previously it had been limited only to higher-level shogunate or domain officials (or those being cultivated for such positions). By the [[Bakumatsu Period|Bakumatsu period]], the student body consisted of some of the brightest from a variety of domains, and from other samurai backgrounds.
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| − | Other teachers at the school included [[Sato Issai|Satô Issai]] and [[Asaka Gonsai]], and in [[1862]], with the establishment of the ''[[gakumonjo bugyosho|gakumonjo bugyôsho]]'', [[Shio no Yatoin|Shio no Yatôin]], [[Asai Sokuken]] and others also joined the faculty.
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| − | After the [[Meiji Restoration]], for a brief period, the academy was renamed the Shôheigakkô, and then the Shôhei-daigakkô, but in [[1871]] the school was closed. The structures built in the Kansei period (c. 1789-1801) were destroyed in the 1923 Kantô earthquake, but reconstructions built in 1935 still stand today.
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| − | ==References==
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| − | *"Shôheikô" 昌平黌。 ''Nihon daihyakka zensho Nipponica'' 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ). Shogakkan. Accessed via JapanKnowledge online resource, 13 September 2011.
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| − | [[Category:Edo Period]]
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| − | [[Category:Historic Buildings]]
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