Changes

[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 8-9.</ref>

[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 8-9.</ref>

The [[Tokugawa shogunate]] issued its first bans on Christianity in [[1606]], shutting down Jesuit operations in Nagasaki and expelling them from the country in [[1614]]. Chinese ships were restricted to Nagasaki, and European ships to Nagasaki and the nearby port of [[Hirado]], in [[1616]]. Kyushu ''daimyô'' such as [[Shimazu Tadatsune|Shimazu Iehisa]] and [[Kato Kiyomasa|Katô Kiyomasa]], eager to prove their loyalty to the shogunate, redirected Chinese ships, shipwrecked sailors, and hostages taken in war, from their own domains to Nagasaki at that time.<ref name=jansen/> The Spanish were then expelled fully from the country in [[1624]], and Japanese were forbidden from returning from overseas in [[1630]]. For the remainder of the Edo period, foreign trade at Nagasaki was restricted almost entirely to the Dutch and Chinese;<ref>The "Dutch" community also included some other Europeans, such as Germans and Swedes, from time to time, and the occasional trading ship from Vietnam or elsewhere in Southeast Asia was accepted as falling under the category of ''Tôsen'' ("Chinese" ships).</ref> on the rare occasion that Russian or certain other ships attempted to enter the country, they were directed to Nagasaki as well, though they were rarely actually allowed to land people or enter into trade.

The [[Tokugawa shogunate]] issued its first bans on Christianity in [[1606]], shutting down Jesuit operations in Nagasaki and expelling them from the country in [[1614]]. Chinese and European ships were restricted to Nagasaki and the nearby port of [[Hirado]] in [[1616]], and then to just Nagasaki in several steps over the course of the 1630s.<ref>Jansen, 26.</ref> Kyushu ''daimyô'' such as [[Shimazu Tadatsune|Shimazu Iehisa]] and [[Kato Kiyomasa|Katô Kiyomasa]], eager to prove their loyalty to the shogunate, redirected Chinese ships, shipwrecked sailors, and hostages taken in war, from their own domains to Nagasaki at that time.<ref name=jansen/> The Spanish were then expelled fully from the country in [[1624]], and Japanese were forbidden from returning from overseas in [[1630]]. For the remainder of the Edo period, foreign trade at Nagasaki was restricted almost entirely to the Dutch and Chinese;<ref>The "Dutch" community also included some other Europeans, such as Germans and Swedes, from time to time, and the occasional trading ship from Vietnam or elsewhere in Southeast Asia was accepted as falling under the category of ''Tôsen'' ("Chinese" ships).</ref> on the rare occasion that Russian or certain other ships attempted to enter the country, they were directed to Nagasaki as well, though they were rarely actually allowed to land people or enter into trade.

In the course of a series of these [[maritime prohibitions]] (''kaikin'') put into in the 1630s, the Spanish and Portuguese were banned from the country, and the Dutch were restricted to the tiny artificial island of [[Dejima]], in Nagasaki harbor. Chinese merchants, originally free to move about the city (and the country), and to intermingle with the Japanese, were restricted after [[1689]] to the Chinese neighborhood of Nagasaki, known as the ''[[Tojin yashiki|Tôjin yashiki]]'' ("Chinese mansions"). Pigs were raised in a certain area just outside of the city, serving chiefly these two foreign communities. Nagasaki was the only place in Edo period Japan where meat was commonly eaten, with the exceptions in other parts of the archipelago of the consumption of fowl, game animals such as bear, boar, and deer, consumption of meat for medical purposes, and of course the eating of fish.<ref>Herbert Plutschow, ''A Reader in Edo Period Travel'', Kent: Global Oriental (2006), 47.</ref>

In the course of a series of these [[maritime prohibitions]] (''kaikin'') put into in the 1630s, the Spanish and Portuguese were banned from the country, and the Dutch were restricted to the tiny artificial island of [[Dejima]], in Nagasaki harbor. Chinese merchants, originally free to move about the city (and the country), and to intermingle with the Japanese, were restricted after [[1689]] to the Chinese neighborhood of Nagasaki, known as the ''[[Tojin yashiki|Tôjin yashiki]]'' ("Chinese mansions"). Pigs were raised in a certain area just outside of the city, serving chiefly these two foreign communities. Nagasaki was the only place in Edo period Japan where meat was commonly eaten, with the exceptions in other parts of the archipelago of the consumption of fowl, game animals such as bear, boar, and deer, consumption of meat for medical purposes, and of course the eating of fish.<ref>Herbert Plutschow, ''A Reader in Edo Period Travel'', Kent: Global Oriental (2006), 47.</ref>